3. Look through the text and find equivalents to the word combinations given.

От одного к другому; преобладающее соотношение; основываться на; исключения из правила; сильно реагентный / легко вступающий в реакцию; существующий в природе / в естественной форме.

4. Find the pairs of synonyms in the list below.

accordingly; appreciable; arrangement; average; base stock; bond;

classify; compound; composition; comprehensive; contain; content;

define; determine; feedstock; include; link; mixture;

parameter; pattern; proportion; range; rather; relatively;

requirement; significant; structure; therefore; typical; universal.

5. A) Study the ways of translating the … the … construction.

А. the … the …– чем … тем … :

The higher the API gravity, the lighter the crude.

Б. подлежащее + сказуемое + (the) … the ... – тем ... чем … :

The reaction proceeds the quicker the finer are the reactants divided.

The molecules move quicker the higher the temperature.

В. подлежащее + сказуемое + the … – все (тем) … . В таких случаях характерно употребление лексики, выражающей постепенность действия (союз as – по мере того как; глаголы increase – увеличиваться, decrease – уменьшаться, change – изменяться; наречия increasingly, ever – все более и более, ever-growing – все более и более растущий). Например:

As the temperature increases the quicker becomes the movement of the molecules.

b) Translate the sentences given.

1. A compound is considered more stable, the smaller its potential energy.

2. As the pressure is increased, the overflow (переливание, переполнение) through the pipe increases and, within rather wide (широкий) limits, the greater becomes the flow through the pipe.

3. The boiling point will be lower, the lower is the atmospheric pressure.

4. The danger of oversimplification (упрощение) is the greater the more various and complex the phenomenon (явление) is.

5. The higher the energy of the bombarding electrons, the greater the number of secondary electrons to be emitted (выделять, испускать).

6. The more readily molecules can carry momentum from point to point, the greater is the viscosity (вязкость).

6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the word-substitutes that (of), those (of). Keep in mind that that (of) is the substitute for the noun mentioned previously in singular form and those (of) for the noun in plural form. They are translated as nouns they substitute or not translated at all.

1. Coke (кокс) produced from petroleum is a different product from that generated in the steel-industry coking process.

2. Shot coke (гранулированный кокс) production occurs during operational upsets (сбой) or when processing very heavy residuals (тяжелые остатки) such as those from some Canadian, Californian and Venezuelan crudes.

3. Some units (установки) are designed to use the regeneration heat (восстановленное тепло) to supply (снабжать) that needed for the reaction.

4. The light gases produced by catalytic cracking contain more olefins than those produced by thermal cracking.

5. The principles of vacuum distillation resemble those of fractional distillation.

6. The properties of covalent compounds are rather different from those of electrovalent (электровалентный) compounds.

7. The results were very favourable (годный, подходящий), especially that of Jones and those obtained with new compounds.

8. The steam consumption (потребление) of the dry high-vacuum units is significantly lower than that of the "wet" units.

7. Read and translate the sentences; fill in the gaps with the words given: according to (1); both … and (3); however (2); regardless of (1); relatively (1); subsequently (2); therefore (1); throughout (1).

1. Aside from (кроме) air pollution (загрязнение) impacts there are also wastewater (отработанная вода) concerns, risks of fire and explosion (взрыв), and … occupational noise (промышленные шумы) … environmental noise health effects.

2. After this step the catalyst is dried with hot nitrogen and … brought in its active condition by reducing the surface (поверхность) with hot hydrogen.

3. The product recovered from an extraction process is … free of aromatics, naphthenes, and other constituents that adversely affect physical parameters.

4. Because this unit operates at very high pressures and temperatures, control of … hydrocarbon leaks (утечка) … hydrogen releases (освобождение, выброс) is important to prevent fires.

5. Formerly (ранее), wet treating processes, for example treatment with caustic or another extraction medium (среда), were applied to remove or "sweeten" the smelly sulfur products, but nowadays the catalytic hydrotreating is used almost without exception, … for gasoline … for gas oil range products.

6. … simple the basic principle (принцип) of the approach (подход) may seem, in many situations such an approach is not used.

7. … of these details, the temperature can be altered (изменять) at least 500 °С by choosing gases with widely different hydrodynamic and thermodynamic properties.

8. All of the fractions (фракции) are … routed other refining units (установка, агрегат) for further (дальний) processing.

9. Reciprocating (поршневой) and centrifugal compressors are used … the refinery for gas and compressed air.

10. More severe conditions are necessary because the feedstock has a smaller molecular size and is … more difficult to crack than the larger residue (остаток, остаточный продукт) molecules in the first stage.

11. The charge (заряд) of an atom, … , is not affected by the number of neutrons present but depends on the balance between electrons and protons.

12. … this table, natural gas is usually considered sour if there are more than 5.7 milligrams of H₂S per cubic meter of natural gas, which is equivalent to approximately 4 ppm (part(s) per million) by volume (объем).