4. Look through the text and find synonyms to the words given in the list.

appreciable; characteristics; corrosion; equipment;

improve; mid(dle); mix(ture); necessary;

predominantly; produce; produce, yield; range;

refined; significant; steam; viscosity.

5. Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.

1) Углеводороды с диапазоном температур кипения от … до …; 2) обеспечить защиту от окисления и образования ржавчины; 3) смешивание в дизельные топлива; 4) требования к надлежащему функционированию; 5) невосприимчивый к большинству химических веществ; 6) продукты, полученные путем очистки сырой нефти; 7) в первую очередь предназначенный для применения в качестве …; 8) индекс вязкости, обуславливающий лучшую консистенцию; 9) при разных температурах.

6. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the different meanings of the word as: 1) так как, когда, пока, в то время как, по мере того как, также как; 2) в качестве, как, в равной степени.

1. In this way, hydrogen sulphide is recovered as a highly concentrated stream and can be further converted into elemental sulphur via the "Claus" process.

2. Hydrodesulphurization has been extensively (широко) used commercially for treating naphtha as feedstock for catalytic reformers to meet the very stringent (строгий, жесткий) sulphur specification to protect the platinum catalyst.

3. The catalyst in some units is steam-stripped as it leaves the regenerator to remove adsorbed oxygen before the catalyst is contacted with the oil feed.

4. As the hot vapor rises in the tower, its temperature is reduced.

5. The column is kept very hot at the bottom but as different hydrocarbons boil at different temperatures, the temperature gradually reduces towards the top.

6. The hydrotreatment process is used in every major refinery and is therefore also termed as the work horse of the refinery as it is the hydrotreater unit that provides several significant product quality specifications.

7. Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.

additive; antioxidant; cetane rating; coke;

corrosion; demulsifier; flash point; freeze point;

grease; LPG; pour point; rust;

smoke point; solvent; vapor lock; viscosity.

1. 1) A chemical that either breaks liquid-liquid emulsions or prevents them from forming. 2) Emulsion breakers, specialty chemicals used to separate emulsions. They are commonly used in the processing of crude oil, which is produced along with significant quantities of saline water (соленая вода). If water and salt are not removed from the crude oil prior to refining, corrosion problems can occur.

2. An interruption in the flow (поток, течение) of a liquid through (через) a fuel line or other pipe as a result of vaporization of the liquid.

3. A liquid that can dissolve other substances.

4. A mixture of light gaseous hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, etc.) made liquid by pressure and used as fuel.

5. Any of various compounds added to natural and synthetic rubbers, gasolines, to prevent autoxidation (combination with oxygen in the air and its effects.

6. Any substance added to something to improve it, prevent deterioration, etc.

7. A process in which a solid, esp. a metal, is eaten away and changed by a chemical action, as in the oxidation of iron in the presence of water.

8. An oxide coating formed on iron or steel by the action of oxygen and moisture.

9. A thick oily substance used as a lubricant.

10. Carbon residue left after the incomplete combustion of gasoline or other fuels.

11. The extent (степень) to which a fluid (жидкая среда) resists a tendency to flow.

12. The lowest temperature at which oil will pour under given conditions. It helps to determine the least limit of flow and helps in transportation of oils.

13. The lowest temperature at which the vapour above a liquid can be ignited in air.

14. The maximum flame height at which kerosene will burn without smoking under standard conditions; used as the burning cleanliness measure of jet fuel/kerosene.

15. The performance rating of a diesel fuel, corresponding to the percentage of cetane in a cetane-methylnaphthalene mixture with the same ignition performance. A higher cetane number indicates greater fuel efficiency.

16. The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid when cooled.