7. Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.

   1. перегонка (разделение) сырой нефти на отдельные углеводороды;

   2. продукты напрямую связаны со специфическими свойствами сырой нефти;

   3. продукты перегонки преобразуются в более полезные продукты;

   4. преобразованные продукты далее подвергаются различным процессам;

   5. изменение структуры и размера молекул путем процесса преобразования;

   6. процессы могут быть подразделены на …;

8. Read the text again and speak on the following.

   1. What happens further to the most distillation products?

   2. What are the converted products subjected to?

   3. How can fractionation and conversion processes be described in general?

   4. Give general characteristics of treatment processes.

   5. Describe formulating and blending process and other refinery operations.

   6. What do auxiliary operations and facilities include?

9. Find the suitable definition for each of the refinery processes listed.

alkylation; catalytic cracking; catalytic reforming;

desalting; dewaxing;

hydrodesulfurization; hydrotreating; isomerization;

polymerization; sweetening.

1. A catalytic process in which the principal purpose is to remove sulfur from petroleum fractions in the presence of hydrogen.

2. A process that either removes obnoxious sulfur compounds (primarily hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and thiophens, or converts them, as in the case of mercaptans, to odorless disulfides to improve odor, color, and oxidation stability.

3. Removal of salts (magnesium chloride and sodium chloride) from crude oil.

4. The addition of an alkane to an alkene in producing high-octane fuels.

5. 1) This process removes sulfur as well as other unwanted compounds, e.g. unsaturated hydrocarbons, nitrogen, oxygen, metals from process streams.

6. The transformation of one molecular structure into another (isomer) whose component atoms are the same but arranged in a different geometrical structure. Since isomers differ greatly in physical and chemical properties, the process converts less desirable compounds into isomers with desirable properties.

7. The process of breaking up heavier hydrocarbon molecules into lighter hydrocarbon fractions by use of heat and catalysts.

8. The process of forming a polymer or copolymer, in which a polymer is formed.

9. 1) The thermal or catalytic conversion of petroleum naphtha into more volatile products of higher octane number. It represents the total effect of reactions such as cracking, polymerization, dehydrogenation, and isomerization. 2) A process that is used to convert low-octane straight-run naphtha into high-octane gasoline, called reformate, and to provide aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylene). The reformate has higher aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbon contents.

10. The removal of wax from petroleum products (usually lubricating oils and distillate fuels) by solvent absorption, chilling, and filtering.

10. Read the rule of translating the combination modal verb + Infinitive Passive and translate the sentences given paying attention to the modal verbs.

В предложениях с сочетанием modal verb +Infinitive Passive подлежащее переводится дополнением, а сочетание modal verb +Infinitive Passive словами можно, нужно, следует, должно (должен и т.п.) быть и др.

1. Before a raw natural gas containing hydrogen sulfide and / or carbon dioxide can be used, the raw gas must be treated to remove those impurities.

2. In combination with temperature, the pressure level (or rather the partial pressure of hydrogen) generally determines the types of components that can be removed and also determines the working life of the catalyst.

3. In such a continuous regeneration process, a constant catalyst activity can be maintained without unit shutdown (отключение) for a runlength of 3-6 years.

4. In the past, the natural gas which was recovered in the course of petroleum production could not be profitably sold, and was burned in flares at the oil field.

5. Octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, which strips hydrogen out of hydrocarbons to produce aromatics. Intermediate products such as gasoils can even be reprocessed to break a heavy, long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one, by various forms of cracking.

6. Organosulfur compounds and hydrogen sulfide are common contaminants which must be removed prior to most uses.

7. Pressure relief in the discharge piping (выпускной трубопровод) should be provided where pumps can be overpressured.

8. Sensors, control valves, fire valves, and isolation valves should be used to limit the release of hydrocarbons at pump suction lines in case of leakage and/or fire.

11. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of as-phrases: such as – как, например; такой, как; as follows – следующее, как изложено ниже; as well (as) – также как (и); as … as – так (же) … как (и), такой … как; as much (… as) – столько (же), не меньше (…сколько); so as – чтобы; as needed, as required – по мере надобности; as result of – в результате.

1. The temperature should be high and the pressure as low as possible to obtain maximum distillate yield.

2. However, at a lower reactor operating pressure, the hydrogen partial pressure will be lower as well, which contributes to coke formation.

3. Inspections of critical equipment including pumps, compressors, furnaces, and heat exchangers should be conducted as needed.

4. Liquid fuels blending is manufacture of automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, aviation turbine and diesel fuels with addition of antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal(антигрибковый) compounds as required.

5. Older units were designed to burn to carbon monoxide to minimize blower (вентиляция) capital and operating costs, because only about half as much air had to be compressed to burn to carbon monoxide rather than to carbon dioxide.

6. Regulatory definition of used oil is as follows: used oil is any oil that has been refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil that has been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities.

7. The catalyst leaving the reactor is called spent catalyst and contains hydrocarbons adsorbed on its internal and external (внешний) surfaces as well as the coke deposited by the cracking.

8. Ventilation rates (кратность воздухообмена) should be calculated so as to reduce concentrations to about a quarter of the lower explosive limit.

9. There must always be as many pounds of water entering the system as there are pounds of steam leaving it.

10. Ventilation equipment must be arranged so as to adequately ventilate every occupied area inside the confined space (закрытое пространство).