
- •Part I. Overview of the petroleum industry text 1. Basic refinery processes: description and history
- •Tasks on the text
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms.
- •Look through the text and say what (in the left column) is / are done /produced /removed, etc. By what (in the right column).
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings and pronunciation of the word subject. Define the functions it performs in the sentences.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Look through the text and answer the questions given.
- •Translate the following passages into English.
- •Text 2. Basics of crude oil
- •Tasks on the text
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Look through the text and find equivalents to the word combinations given.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list below.
- •A) Study the ways of translating the … the … construction.
- •Read the text again and answer the questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Read the text The api gravity and prepare to discuss the following.
- •Explain the meaning of the words given using your own words.
- •Translate the given passages into Russian.
- •Approximate characteristics and properties of various crudes
- •Text 3. Principal groups of hydrocarbon compounds
- •Tasks on the text
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Figure 3.1 typical paraffins and aromatics
- •Figure 3.2 typical naphthenes and alkenes
- •Figure 3.3 typical diolefins and alkynes
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Combine the names of different hydrocarbon compounds (given in the left column) with their structural definitions (in the right column).
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words and their derivatives belong to. Write out and memorize those that are new for you.
- •Read the meanings of the word alternate and its synonymic derivatives and translate the given sentences. State what part of speech they belong to.
- •Do you know the difference between the words principal and principle? Read the following and answer the question.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Explain the ideas expressed in the phrases using the words of your own.
- •Read the text again and answer the questions given.
- •Study the Figures 3.1–3.3 and name hydrocarbons having formulas c4h10, c10h8, c6h12, c4h8, c2h2.Practice their reading according to the patterns given.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Explain the difference between alkanes (алканы), alkenes (алкены) and alkynes (алкины). They are pronounced as [ˈælkeınz], [ˈælkiːnz] and [ˈælkaınz] respectively.
- •Read the text and find out what other names are in use for paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes, alkenes, dienes and alkynes.
- •Iupac nomenclature of organic chemistry
- •Read the text again and answer the questions given.
- •Study 3d models of the simplest representatives (представители) of different hydrocarbon series given below and define their names.
- •Text 4. Nonhydrocarbons
- •Tasks on the text
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list below.
- •Find the pairs of antonyms in the list below.
- •Translate the phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Match the names of chemical compounds with their English translations.
- •Read the text again and answer the questions given.
- •Translate the following passages into English.
- •A) Practice reading the following numbers and equations.
- •Solve the given arithmetical problems.
- •Text 5. Major refinery products
- •Tasks on the text
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Look through the text and find synonyms to the words given in the list.
- •Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Read the text again and discuss the following.
- •Explain the difference between the words commercial, military, domestic.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Translate the following abstract into Russian.
- •Translate the text into English. Классификация товарных нефтепродуктов
- •Make up a report about the basic refinery products using the scheme given.
- •Text 6. Petroleum refining operations
- •Tasks on the text
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Memorize the meanings that are new for you.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list given below.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the different meanings of the word involve (вовлекать, касаться, затрагивать):
- •Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Read the text again and speak on the following.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the refinery processes listed.
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the use of modal verbs can, could, must, should with Passive Infinitive.
- •Part II. Fractionation and conversion processes and health and safety considerations text 7. Crude oil pretreatment (desalting)
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list given below.
- •Find the pairs of antonyms in the list given below.
- •Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Explain the meaning of: adjust, dehydrate, emulsify, filter; moisten; suspend.
- •Read the text gain and answer the questions given.
- •State whether the statements are true or false. Prove your point of view.
- •Find the sentences with the Participle I / II having attributive function.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention the Participle II.
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the words (be) due to, fail, failure, involve, separate, should.
- •Translate the following abstracts into English.
- •Describe the method of electrostatic crude oil-desalting using the picture of cross-sectional view of Electrostatic crude oil desalter and the information you learnt from the text.
Read the text again and answer the questions given.
What proportions of sulfur may be present in crude oil and its fractions?
How do sulfur and its compounds affect processing units and other equipment?
How can sulfur be removed from refinery product streams?
What are the negative effects of nitrogen compounds of crude oil? Where can they be found?
What trace metals are found in crude oils? Why is it necessary to remove them?
When do catalyst poisoning, salt corrosion and fouling occur?
Translate the following passages into English.
Cеро-, азот, кислородсодержащие соединения, содержащиеся во всех нефтях, являются нежелательными компонентами, поскольку ухудшают качество получаемых нефтепродуктов, осложняют переработку (отравляют катализаторы, усиливают коррозию оборудования) и обусловливают необходимость применения гидрогенизационных процессов.
Серосодержащие соединения. Распределение серы по фракциям зависит от природы нефти и типа сернистых соединений. Как правило, их содержание увеличивается от низкокипящих к высококипящим и достигает максимума в остатке от вакуумной перегонки нефти – гудроне.
В нефтях определены следующие типы серосодержащих соединений:
элементная сера и сероводород – не являются непосредственно сероорганическими соединениями, но появляются в результате их деструкции;
меркаптаны – тиолы (thiols), обладающие, как и сероводород, кислотными свойствами и наиболее сильной коррозионной активностью;
алифатические (aliphatic) сульфиды (тиоэфиры (thioesters)) – нейтральны при низких температурах, но разлагаются при нагревании свыше 130-160 °С с образованием сероводорода и меркаптанов;
моно-, полициклические сульфиды – термически наиболее устойчивые.
Элементная сера, сероводород и меркаптаны как весьма агрессивные сернистые соединения – наиболее нежелательная составная часть нефтей. Они полностью удаляются в процессах очистки товарных нефтепродуктов. Сульфиды составляют основную часть сернистых соединений в топливных фракциях нефти (50-80 % от общего количества серы в этих фракциях). Все серосодержащие соединения нефтей, кроме низкомолекулярных меркаптанов, при низких температурах химически нейтральны и близки по свойствам к аренам.
Азотосодержащие соединения. В нефтях в небольших количествах (менее 1 %) содержится азот в виде соединений, обладающих основными или нейтральными свойствами. Большая их часть концентрируется в высококипящих фракциях и остатках перегонки нефти. Как основные, так и нейтральные азотистые соединения достаточно термически стабильны и не оказывают заметного влияния на эксплуатационные качества нефтепродуктов.
Азотистые соединения используются как дезинфицирующие средства, ингибиторы коррозии, сильные растворители, добавки (additives) к смазочным маслам и битумам, антиокислители (antioxidants) и т. д. Однако в процессах переработки нефтяного сырья снижают активность катализаторов, вызывают осмоление (asphaltization) и потемнение нефтепродуктов (black discoloration).
Read the text Fahrenheit and speak on the principal differences between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. Prior to working with the text, revise the rules of reading numerals, fractions, mathematical formulas and symbols.
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit is the temperature scale proposed in 1724 by, and named after, the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). Within this scale, the freezing of water into ice is defined at 32 degrees, while the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees. The Fahrenheit scale was replaced by the Celsius scale in most countries during the mid to late 20th century, though Canada retains it as an alternate scale that can be used alongside with Celsius. Fahrenheit remains the official scale of the United States, Cayman Islands and Belize.
On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180 degrees apart. Therefore, a degree on the Fahrenheit scale is 1⁄180 of the interval between the freezing point and the boiling point. On the Celsius scale, the freezing and boiling points of water are 100 degrees apart. A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales intersect at −40 ° (−40 °F and −40 °C represent the same temperature).
Absolute zero is defined as −273.15 °C or −459.67 °F. The Fahrenheit scale uses (similar to the Celsius scale) the symbol ° to denote a point on the temperature scale and the letter F to indicate the Fahrenheit scale is being used (e.g. "Gallium melts at 85.5763 °F"), as well as to denote a difference between temperatures or an uncertainty in temperature (e.g. "The output of the heat exchanger experiences an increase of 72 °F" and "Our standard uncertainty is ±5 °F").
Notes on the text:
Каймановы острова;
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