Практическая грамматика английского языка - Болдак И.А., Малышева О.Л

Министерство образования Республики Беларусь

ГРОДНЕНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ ЯНКИ КУПАЛЫ

И.А. Болдак, О.Л. Малышева

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE

ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

Учебное пособие для студентов специальности П0207 – Английский язык

Гродно 1999

1

УДК 801(075.8) ББК 81.432.1

Б 79

Рецензенты: зав.кафедрой иностранных языков ГСИ, кандидат филологических наук Н.И. Веренич;

зав. романо-германским отделением ГрГУ, кандидат филологических наук, доцент Л.М. Середа.

Рекомендовано советом филологического факультета.

Болдак И.А., Малышева О.Л.

Б79 ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE (ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА): Уч. пособие. - Гродно: ГрГУ, 1999. - 76 с.

ISBN 985-417-155-8

Пособие содержит основные разделы английской грамматики, представляющие собой наибольшую трудность: видо-временные формы глагола, косвенная речь и др. Пособие может быть использовано не только студентами филологического факультета, но и теми, кто углубленно изучает английский язык. Оно также будет полезным при подготовке к сдаче экзаменов TOEFL и First Certificate.

УДК 801(075.8) ББК 81.432.1

2

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие содержит разделы граммати-

ки, представляющие собой наибольшую трудность: видо-времен-

ные формы глагола, косвенная речь, сослагательное наклонение.

Все упражнения как для аудирования, так и для внеау-

диторной работы, подобраны из новейших учебников и учеб-

ных пособий. Основным критерием отбора упражнений яв-

ляется коммуникативный принцип обучения грамматике.

После каждого раздела грамматики даются тренировоч-

ные упражнения, направленные на выработку навыков, несколь-

ко проблемных заданий, направленных на развитие коммуника-

тивных навыков у студентов, а также умений и навыков спон-

танного оформления высказывания.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I-III кур-

сов факультетов иностранных языков, а также для лиц, углуб-

ленно занимающихся английским языком, поскольку содержит грамматический материал, представляющий определенные трудности в усвоении.

3

I. TENSES AND FORMS (REVISION)

1. PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR PRESENT SIMPLE

USE

•The Simple Present talks about habits: things you do again and again.

(a) I ask questions when I don’t understand.

•The Simple Present also talks about everyday routines: things you do

regularly.

(b) My sister gets up at 6:00.

•Use verbs in the Present Continuous to talk about actions and situations that are in progress or in the middle of happening at the time of

speaking:

(a)Right now, I am sitting on the couch and my brothers are cooking dinner.

(b)It is raining at the moment and Oscar is waiting for the bus.

•You may also use the Present Continuous to talk about actions and

situations that are going on around the time of speaking, although they may not be in progress exactly at the time of speaking. The actions or situations are often temporary, and we expect them to end in the future:

(c) This semester, I am taking three math classes.

•Some common time expressions associated with Present Continuous:

•Use the Simple Present Tense to talk about events or actions that happen regularly and repeatedly. Thus, the Simple Present refers to permanent or

habitual situations.

(a) Philippe smokes 20 cigarettes a day.

•Use the Present Continuous to talk about events or actions that are already going on at the time of speaking or around the time of speaking. Thus, the

Present Continuous refers to temporary situations:

(b)Philippe is smoking a cigarette right now.

(c)Philippe is smoking more cigarettes that usual these days because he is nervous about his final exams.

Practice Section

Comment on the use. Translate into Russian.

1. Does he wear a hat in winter? — Yes, he does.

4

2.What is she wearing today? — She’s wearing a pink dress.

3.Do you often watch television? — Yes, I often do.

4.What are you watching now? — I’m watching a thriller.

5.Do you often eat lobster? — No, I don’t. It’s too expensive.

6.What are they eating? — They’re eating sandwiches.

7.How often does she play the piano? — She plays the piano every day.

8.What is she playing now? — She is playing Mozart.

9.What do you see? — I see a car coming.

10.What are you looking at? — I’m looking at my watch.

11.Did you hear what he said? — No, I didn’t. I don’t hear very well.

12.Hey! You there! — There’s no need to shout, I’m listening.

13.Do you like squash? — Yes, I do. It’s a very interesting game.

14.Why don’t you go to football matches? — Because I dislike crowds.

15.What do you think of his suggestion? —1 think it’s stupid.

16.What did he say? —I don’t remember.

17.How about going for a swim? —1 can’t. I’m working for my exam.

18.Is he very busy these days? — Yes, he is. He’s writing an article about London.

19.How does your grandmother spend the time? — She’s knitting a pullover for me.

20.Did he ask a question? — Of course he did. He’s always asking questions.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1.Our cat (not eat) fish.

2.Practice (make) perfection.

3.Why (you - wear) gloves?

4.(You - like) jazz?

5.She (go) on a cruise every year.

6.I (think) I (understand).

7.How (you - like) your new job?

8.What (you - do)? - I (try) to open this box.

9.He (speak) English well.

10.A man’s heart (beat) 92,160 times a day.

11.What (you - listen) to? - I (listen) to the news.

12.It (take) two to make marriage a success and only one to make it a failure.

13.I can’t see her. Where (she - sit)? — She (sit) next to

her mother.

5

14.Everybody (have) a right to be stupid, but some people (abuse) the privilege.

15.He (be) in excellent physical shape. He (do) 100 push-ups every morning.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1.Why (you - drink) tea? - I (always - drink) tea in the morning.

2.Who (he - talk) to? — He (talk) to his French teacher.

3.On the Continent people (have) good food, in England people (have) good manners.

4.What (not destroy) me, (make) me stronger.

5.What (you - do) these days? — I (redecorate) my house.

6.Normally I (go) to bed at around 11.30 every night.

7.I (go) to bed now. Goodnight.

8.The river Thames (flow) through London.

9.There is something wrong with Lynne’s car at the moment so she (go) to work by bus this week.

10.He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him.

11.Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes.

12.You always (write) with your left hand?

13.Why you (put) on your coat? — I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?

14.You (dream) at night? — Yes, I always (dream) and if I (eat) too much supper I (have) nightmares.

15.The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) milk a long time?

16.These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain).

17.We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken.

18.You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up?

19.I (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong.

20.This car (make) a very strange noise.- You (think) it is all right? — Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that.

Communicative Activities

Activity 1. The purpose of this activity is to prove or disprove the following statements about your classmates. Survey your classmates by asking questions to see if the following statements are true or false.

6

1.Most people in this class do not eat breakfast.

2.Women drink more coffee than men.

3.Three people come to school by bike.

4.The people in this room sleep an average of seven hours a night.

5.50 percent of the people here watch TV every night.

6.At last half of the people in this room smoke.

7.At least three people wear contact lenses.

8.The people in this room have an average of three brothers and sisters.

9.Most people in this room do not like opera.

10.At least half of the people here read a newspaper in English every day.

Activity 2. Complete the following with information that is true about yourself. Write complete sentences.

SOMETHING I USUALLY DO IN SUMMER:

SOMETHING I OFTEN DO ON WEEKENDS:

SOMETHING I RARELY DO IN THIS COUNTRY:

SOMETHING I SOMETIMES DO ON FRIDAYS:

1.Memorize these four sentences about yourself.

2.Walk around the room. When your teacher tells you to stop, find the nearest person. Tell her or him your four sentences. When she or he tells you her or his sentences, memorize them.

3.Walk around the room. When your teacher tells you to stop, find a different person. Tell him or her about the habits of the last person you spoke to. Do not talk about your own. Memorize what he or she tells you.

4.Find someone different. Tell him or her the information the last person told you. Memorize what he or she tells you.

5.Now find someone new. Continue the process for as long as possible. Remember, you always pass along the information the last person tells you. Try to speak to as many different people as possible.

6.At the end, tell the rest of the class the information you heard from the last person.

Is all the information true?

7

Activity 3. Write a letter to a friend or family member describing what usually happens in your English classes or what you usually do on weekends here.

Activity 4. Work with a partner or a small group and develop a short story including a sequence of actions and emotions. Act out your story without using words. Your classmates must try to guess what is happening in your story by providing a commentary of everything your group does, as they watch it happen.

Activity 5. In this activity, you will be creating a chain story about your teacher’s next vacation. Your teacher will start by telling you where he or she is going for his or her next vacation and one thing he or she is going to do:

Teacher: I’m going to Hawaii for my vacation, and I am going to climb a mountain.

The next person repeats the first part and adds another statement about the teacher’s vacation until everyone in the room has added to the description.

Student 1: (Teacher’s name) is going to Hawaii; he or she is going to climb a mountain and he or she is going to swim in the ocean too.

2.TENSES EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME

USE

•To talk about the Future, you can use be going to and will:

(a)It will rain some time next week.

(b)It is going to rain in a few minutes.

•Both be going and will are used to make predictions. However, you use

be going to for actions or events that you believe will occur very soon:

(a)We’re going to leave. (very soon)

(b)We’ll leave some time next week.

•Will is more formal than be going to; therefore, the choice of be going to over will also depends on the situation and the relationship between the speakers:

(c)Mother to child: Daddy is going to be angry about this.

(d)School principal to student: Your father will be angry about this.

• Be going to also talks about future plans and intentions:

8

(a)We are going to spend the month of August in Italy. We bought the tickets last week, and we are going to leave on August 3.

•Be going to is preferred to will here because it refers to plans that have already been made.

•Will is also used to show willingness to do something, often at the moment that the speaker decides to do it:

(a) A: I think there’s someone at the front door.

B: I’ll go and check.

Will is preferred to be going to here because it shows that the speaker has just decided to do something or is willing to do something right away. The contracted ‘ll form is usually used in this case.

•Will is also used to make promises:

(b)I will always love you.

(c)I’ll give you my homework tomorrow, I promise!

Practice Section

Comment on the use.

Translate into Russian.

1.When will you get a rise? — I shall get a rise next year.

2.When will you be in Boston? — We shall be in Boston on the 4-th July.

3.This box is very heavy. - I’ll carry it for you.

4.I’ve forgotten my bag. - I’ll get it for you.

5.Please, post these letters for me. - All right, I’ll do it, but don’t ask me again.

6.Do you think you’ll be able to come? — Of course, I will be there.

7.I think John will help you. - No, he won’t.

8.She’s left. - Shall I ever see her again?

9.Let’s go for a walk. - Shall we be back in time?

10.When will you write it? — I’ll write it as soon as I have time.

11.When will you visit her? — I’ll visit her the moment I arrive in London.

12.Why do you need the typewriter? — Because I’m going to type a letter.

13.Why does he want a spade? — Because he’s going to dig the garden.

14.Is he very ill? — Yes, I’m afraid he’s going to die.

15.Are they dissatisfied? — Yes, there’s going to be a strike soon.

16.At 12.30 tomorrow I’ll be having lunch as usual.

9

Exercises

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into the most suitable tense with a future meaning.

1.You bought a Spanish grammar! (You learn) Spanish?

2.I wonder if the plane (take off) in time.

3.Do you think it (rain)?

4.(You give) me a hand tomorrow?

5.Don’t drop that cup! It (break).

6.What (you do) at this time tomorrow?

7.If we don’t telephone, she (worry).

8.She (be) seventeen on Saturday.

9.I have heard you (buy) a new car.

10.I (see ever) you again?

11.(You close) the window, please?

12.It’s no use insisting, I (not do) it.

13.I (do) it! I promise!

14.They (warn) the police by this time.

15.Next year I (work) in this firm for 30 years.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the most suitable tense with a future meaning.

1.By the end of this month he (be) in prison for 2 years.

2.Are you ready? The concert (start) any minute.

3.I (lend) you that book whenever you want it.

4.By the end of next year they (pay off) all their debts.

5.By this time next month I (lie) on a sunny beach in Spain.

6.We (be) back by noon.

7.Talk to him, please. - All right, I (talk) to him.

8.Excuse me, sir, when (you have) lunch?

9.By the end of the year they (live) in that house for ten years.

10.I (not say) anything unless he forces me to.

11.At 3.15 tomorrow I (play) football.

12.I (buy) her a present as soon as I arrive.

13.She (write) the script by the end of the month.

14.By 6 o’clock he (practice) for ten hours.

15.In five minutes’ time I (wait) for her for an hour. Fancy that!

10