Практическая грамматика английского языка - Болдак И.А., Малышева О.Л

12.Unless he (sell) more he won’t get much commision.

13.If I lend you $10 when you (replay) me?

14.Ice (turn) to water if you heat it.

15.Tell him to ring me up if you (see) him.

16.If he (go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says.

2. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. TYPE 2.

1. Form

The verb in the if-clause is in the past simple tense and the verb in the main clause is “would” + infinitive: e.g. If he had a garden, he would grow roses.

Type 2 conditional sentences refer to the present or future. The past tense in the if-clause doesn’t indicate past time It is an “unreal past” and indicates unreality or doubt.

2. Use

We use type 2 conditional sentences as follows.

a)When the statement in the if-clause is contrary to known fact. “If he had a garden,…” means that he doesn’t have a garden. The if-clause here refers to the present.

b)When the action in the if-clause is improbable. If someone says, “If I won 50,000 pounds, ...” we know that he doesn’t expect to win much. The if-clause here refers to the future.

c)Sometimes when we are considering possible actions:

e.g. I’ll go by bus. - If you went by train, you’d get there sooner.

3.The use of “were”

Instead of “if + was”, we can use “if + were”

e.g. If I was/were rich, I’d build a house.

4. Variations of the basic form

a) In the if-clause, we can use the past continuous

e.g. I’m going by bus. If I were going by car, I “d offer you a lift. b) In the main clause we can use “might” or “could” to express a possible result or ability:

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e.g. If you wrote to him, he might answer.

c) We can also use two past tenses for automatic or habitual results in the past: e.g. If anyone tried to break in, the alarm went off.

Practice Section

Comment on the form and meaning of the verbs in the following complex sentences.

1.If you took this medicine, you would feel a lot better.

2.If I had to go to Manchester, I’d ask Mabel to go with me.

3.If I were you, I would give Mr Chapman a box of cigars.

4.If Monica were in town, she would join you.

5.What would you do if you were the President of the USA?

6.Would you buy a new car if you could afford one?

7.If I won the football pools, I’d take you to Paris.

8.If you agreed. we’d buy a new house.

9.If he studied more, he would succeed.

10.If I lived near my office. I’d be in time for work.

11.If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house.

12.If I dyed my hair blue, everyone would laugh at me.

The following passage tells a story about Gregory’s fantasies. In each sentence there is a situation that is not real or not likely.

First, tell us what is not true about each sentence and the reason it is not true. Then, fill in the blanks in each sentence, and be sure to use the appropriate verb tense.

e.g. Gregory ___ go to the movies every week if he ___ (have) enough money.

*First step – what is not true about this sentence: Gregory does not go to the movies every week because he doesn’t have enough money.

*Second step – fill in the blanks: Gregory would go to the movies every week if he had enough money.

1.If he ___ (be) rich, he ___ never cook at home, and he ___ always go out to eat.

2.He ___ buy anything he wanted if he ____ (be) rich.

3.If he ____(have) a girlfriend, he ________ also buy her whatever she wanted.

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4.If he ________ (buy) his girlfriend whatever she wanted, she ________

want to buy more and more.

5.If she _______ (buy) more and more, she _________ eventually run out of things to buy.

6.She ________ fall out of love with Sandra if she ________ (run out) of things to buy.

7.If she ___ (fall) out of love with him, he ______ be miserable.

8. If he _______ (be) miserable, he ________ go to the movies every week to forget about his troubles.

Drills

Drill 1. “Which Service would you call? The Fire Brigade, the Ambulance or the Police?”

1.An old man falls in the street. He can’t get up. He is seriously hurt. - I would call ...

2.A lorry drives into a shop window. Nobody is hurt.

3.A little boy has been playing with matches. The whole house is on fire.

4.There has been a robbery in the bank. The robbers are just driving away.

5.There has been an accident outside the school. Two pupils are lying in the street.

6.The bank is burning. Everybody is running out into the street.

7.You came home late at night. You see somebody smashing a window at the back of your house.

8.You wake up in the middle of the night. You think you hear somebody in the house. You are afraid.

9.You come into the house. It is dark. You can smell smoke. The rest of

the family is sleeping.

10. Smoke is coming from the motor of your car. You stop at a garage. When you come out of the garage your car isn’t there. Perhaps it is stolen!

Drill 2. Your friend can’t decide where to go on holiday. Make some suggestions about where he/she could go and he/she could do. (He/she could visit famous buildings; practise languages; eat national dishes; do/watch certain sports.)

e.g. Spain *If you went to Spain, you could eat paella, lie in the sun, watch a bull-fight and speak Spanish.

1. London (see Buckingham palace/practise your English).

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2.Scotland (visit Edinburgh/see Lock Ness).

3.New York (see the Statue of Liberty/ practise speaking English).

4.Paris (go up the Eiffel Tower/practise French).

5.Kenya (see the animals in the game reserves/go on safari).

6.India (visit the Taj Mahal).

7.Mexico (see Acapulco and practise Spanish).

8.Egypt (visit the pyramids at Gizeh).

9.Switzerland (go skiing/enjoy the good cheese and chocolate).

10.Italy (visit Rome and Florence/ see some beautiful works of art).

Drill 3. What would you do or buy if you won the/allowing amounts of money in your own currency?

Drill 4. “What would they be doing if...?”

e.g. Harry is doing his homework (to play football).

* Harry wasn’t doing his homework, he’d be playing football.

1.Mr Smith is teaching (to walk in the mountains).

2.Mr Robbins is having a hard day at the office, (to play golf).

3.Miss Brown is working late (to watch a film on television).

4.Alex is mending his car (to play tennis).

5.Mrs Parker is doing the housework (to lie in the sun).

6.Arthur is practising the piano (to row on the lake with his girlfriend).

Drill 5. “What would you do if... ?”

1. Suppose you left a restaurant with the wrong umbrella ... (to take it back immediately)

2.Suppose a waiter in a restaurant overcharged you ... (to call him and ask to check the bill)

3.Suppose you missed the last bus home... (to try to get a taxi)

4.Suppose you missed your station on the train ... (to get off at the next station and wait)

5.Suppose you got lost in a big city... (to ask the way or to buy a street map)

6.Suppose someone stole your wallet... (to report it to the police)

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7.Suppose you lost your passport... (to inform the passport office)

8.Suppose a stranger asked you for a lift at night... (to refuse or to ask him a lot of questions)

9.Suppose someone offered you a briefcase full of money ... (to tell him to take it to the police or to take it and say “Thank you!”)

10.Suppose you got stuck in a lift... (to

push the alarm button)

Exercises

Exercise 1. Combine each pair of basic sentences into one complex as shown in the example.

e.g. Sam has a cold. He won’t come to class tomorrow. * If Sam didn’t have a cold, he would come to class tomorrow.

1.Margaret is busy. She won’t be able to visit her friends.

2.Barbara likes sweets too much. She won’t get slim.

3.James feels exhausted. He won’t be able to sit up late.

4.Paul doesn’t feel hungry. He won’t go to the cafeteria.

5.Stan is reading for his examinations. He won’t go boating.

6.Mrs Pierce doesn’t like pop music. She won’t go to the concert.

7.Tom is getting married next month. He won’t go to the mountains.

8.I don’t like horror stories. I won’t buy this book.

9.We want to catch an early train. We won’t watch this program tonight.

10.Mrs Smith feels hurt. She won’t do this for us.

Exercise 2. Report these statements using indirect speech. Make the necessary changes as shown in the example.

e.g. “I’ll take a nap, if I feel tired”. Aunt Agatha said _____

*Aunt Agatha said that she would take a nap, if she felt tired.

1.“We”ll have a picnic, if it doesn’t rain”. Pamela said ____

2.“If our car breaks down, we”ll miss the train?” Mrs Palmer said ___

3.“I’ll go to the movies, if I don”t have to study”. John told us ____

4.“I’ll visit the Nelsons if they invite me”. Janet said ____

5.“Stephen will be on time; if he takes a taxi”. Magde told them ___

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6.“I’ll go to New York, if it doesn”t cost too much”. Sarah said __

7.“I won”t like the film, if it’s a detective story”. Helen told Joe ___

8.“He won”t answer the phone, if he’s busy”. Anne told me____

9.“Harry will lend you his camera, if he doesn”t need it on Saturday”. Bill told us ___

10.“Barbara won”t be happy, if you don’t come”. Jane told me ___

11.“I’ll miss my bus, if I stay longer”. Sheila said ____

12.“The secretary will call him up, if he doesn”t come to the office”. Mr Jones told us__

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1.If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes.

2.I shouldn’t drink that wine if I (be) you.

3.More tourists would come to this country if it (have) a better climate.

4.I (buy) shares in that company if I had some money.

5.If you drove your car into the river you (be able) to get out?

6.What you (do) if you found a burglar in your house?

7.If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come).

8.I (be) ruined if I bought her everything she asked for.

9.If you slept under a mosquito net you (not be) bitten so often.

10.I could get a job easily if I (have) a degree.

11.If she (do) her hair differently she might look quite nice.

12.If we had more rain our crops (grow) faster.

13.I (keep) a horse if I could afford it.

14.I’d go and see him more often if he (live) on a bus route.

15.I (offer) to help if I thought I’d be any use.

16.If you (change) your job would it affect your pension?

3. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. TYPE 3.

1.Form

The verb in the if-clause is in the Past Perfect tense (had + Past Participle) and the verb in the main clause is “would” + Perfect

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Infinitive. e.g. If he had been in his office, I would have seen him.

2. Use

We use type 3 conditional sentences when we refer to the past and to an action

or situation that did not happen.

3. Variations of the basic form

a) In the if-clause we can use the perfect continuous.

e.g. You were driving too fast. If you had been going more slowly, you’d have been able to stop.

b)We can put “had” first and omit the “if”. But this is a very formal construction.

e.g. Had the Minister known all the facts, he would, have acted differently.

c)In the main clause we can use “might” or “could”.

e.g. If you’d asked him, he might have helped you (possibility).

Practice Section

Comment on the form and meaning of the verbs in the following complex sentences.

1.If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach.

2.If you hadn’t missed your bus, you wouldn’t have been late for school.

3.If I hadn’t helped you, what would you have done?

4.If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it.

5.I could have repaired the car, if I’d had the right tools.

6.If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the airport.

7.If he had tried to leave the country he would have been stopped at the frontier.

8.If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.

9.If our documents had been in order we could have left at once.

10.I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadn’t been wearing one I’d have been seriously injured.

11.Had you obeyed orders this disaster would not have happened.

12.I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired.

13.If I had seen you, I would have said hello.

14.Ifhehadbeenlookingwherehewasgoing,hewouldn’thavewalkedintothe wall.

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Drills

Drill 1. You have a friend who is careless with his/her things. Say what would/wouldn’t have happened if he/she had/hadn’t done the following:

e.g. He left his suitcase unattended at an airport. It got stolen.

*If he hadn’t left his suitcase unattended, it wouldn’t have got stolen.

1. She forgot to lock the car. Her camera got stolen.

If she hadn’t forgotten to lock the car, the camera wouldn’t have got stolen.

2.He left his wallet in a restaurant. It disappeared.

3.She left her watch lying about. It got broken.

4.He didn’t lock the door of his flat. Thieves broke in.

5.She knocked her glasses off the table. They broke.

6.She didn’t put her name on her suitcase. Someone took it by mistake.

7.He parked his car without lights. Another car ran into it.

8.He didn’t look after his bicycle. It went rusty.

9.She left her parcels on a bus. Someone took them.

10.He didn’t keep his passport in a safe place. It got lost.

Drill 2. E.g. I didn’t have enough money, so 1 didn’t go to Spain last summer. *If I’d had enough money. I’d have gone to Spain last summer.

1.I didn’t have enough money, so I didn’t go to Spain last summer.

2.I had my flat done up, so I was hard up.

3.We went to Ireland, so we saw Jill again.

4.She didn’t have a spare room, so we stayed in a hotel.

5.She lent us her car, so we did some sightseeing.

6.The weather wasn’t bad so we enjoyed our stay.

7.We got a cheap ticket, so we came home by boat.

8.The boat arrived late, so we missed the train home.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Change the following sentences as shown in the example. e.g. The boy didn’t play tennis because it was windy.

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* If it hadn’t windy, the boy would have played tennis.

1.Helen didn’t stay on after dinner because she was tired.

2.Mrs Barton didn’t make an apple pie because Henry didn’t ask her to.

3.The children didn’t watch television because mother didn’t allow them to.

4.The girl was unhappy because her parents were displeased with her.

5.Mr Alien didn’t cash the check because the bank was closed.

6.Ralph introduced his friends to Kate because she didn’t know them.

7.Bob was angry because his friends didn’t agree with him.

8.Mr Lane didn’t work in the garden because the weather was cold.

9.Monica stayed at home because she had a sore throat.

10.Mr Kelly took his umbrella because it was raining.

11.He had difficulty with his English because English was not his mother tongue.

12.He learned French because he wanted to read French poetry in me original.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1.If I (know) that you were coming I’d have baked a cake.

2.I (offer) to help him it I had realized that he was ill.

3.If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop).

4.If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money.

5.If you (put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted better.

6.The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door.

7.If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim across it.

8.If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.

9.If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry.

10.If you hadn’t been in such a hurry you (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.

11.If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you.

12.I (take) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way.

13.You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week.

14.If I (have) a map I would have been all right.

15.If I (realize) what a bad driver you were I wouldn’t have come with you.

16.If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.

17.You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.

18.You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going.

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Exercise 3. Rewrite these sentences using an inverted subject + auxiliary.

e.g. If I had understood Spanish, I would have known what to do. *Had I understood Spanish, I would have known what to do.

1.I’d have rung if I’d known the plane was late.

2.If father hadn’t heard me come in he wouldn’t have said anything.

3.If I had heard the phone ring I would have answered it.

4.If you went to the States you would speak English.

5.If I were in his position I would do something about the situation.

6.If they hadn’t tried Chinese food they couldn’t have said they didn’t like it.

7.If it weren’t for Tim I’d be in Holland now.

8.If she had spoken to me that night I would have forgiven her.

Exercise 4. Finish these situations that didn’t happen.

1.If Hitler hadn’t invaded Poland in 1939... (World War II/to break out)

2.If Columbus had stayed in Italy ... (to discover/America)

3.If Sir Walter Raleigh hadn’t brought tobacco back to Britain (cigarettes/to be invented)

4.It wouldn’t have been possible for mass tourism to develop, if ... (the airplane/to be developed)

5.If nobody had invented the wheel ... (there/to be/cars)

6.If Shakespeare hadn’t been born ... (“Macbeth”/to be written)

Exercise 5. Complete these sentences.

1.If I had been born in England...

2.If I had been a genius ...

3.If I had studied harder when I was younger...

4.If I had been to me States last summer...

5.If my parents had been richer ...

6.If I had got married last year ...

7.If I had started using computers when I was eight years old.. .

8.If I had studied Chinese at school...

9.If you had phoned me yesterday...

10.If Christopher Columbus had not discovered America...

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