користь гіпотез и про "Вел и к и й ви бух " накопичуються вже два десятки років. They have been dealing with this thorny problem for many years. Во н и ви вчаю т ь цю надто

ск ладн у проблему вже багато років.

1 .4. Форма Past Perfect звичайно п ерек л адаєт ь ся формою минулого часу дієслова-

присудка. Ін оді для чі т к ої вк аз івк и на те, що дія, п о з н ачен а цією формою , передувала у

минулому іншій дії, в переклад доцільно вводи т и відп овідн і слова або словосполучення ("до цього", "раніше" і т .ін .): It was surprising for us to find this, for such substances had not been known to occur in nature. Ми були дуже здивовані , з 'ясувавши це, адже раніше не було відомо , що такі

речовини зустрічаються в природі .

Особли во важли во п о з н ачат и таким чином попередність у минулому однієї дії перед

іншою при перекладі форми Past Perfect у тому випадку, коли мова йде про пріоритет

відкриття тощо: Two years ago they suggested that this could be done, as had been suggested in the same year by the Austrian group of researchers. Два роки тому вон и висловили припущення, що це

можн а зробити , але таке ж припущення було ви словлен о раніше груп ою авст рі й сь к и х

дослідників.

1 .5. Форма Future Perfect п ерек л адаєт ь ся формою майбут нього часу дієслова-присудка.

Ін оді для чі ткості вк аз івк и на те, що дія, п о з н ачен а такою формою , відбудеться у

майбут ньому раніше від іншої дії, у переклад можут ь ввводи т и ся відп овідн і слова або

словосполучення ("вже", "на той час" і т .ін .): Before Miller's group begins their experiment, we will have obtained our first results. Пок и

груп а Міллера розпочне сві й ек сп ери м ен т , ми вже мат и мемо свої перші результати .

перекладу часови х форм дієслів-присудків:

1 . Definite proof to that effect is lacking. 2. Evidence is mounting up that the bacteria may undergo some kind of transmutation. 3. The spherical joint is becoming more and more useful in the construction of glass equipment. 4. I do not want to suggest that the distinction I am making is an easy one to maintain in all cases. 5. In the next chapter, I first outline a framework developed of the results' interpretation. 6. This value may be subject to refinement when analyses are complete. 7. As further evidence for this restriction I examine below other processes that have been shown to be non-dominant. 8. I argue in the following two chapters that this structure is one means by which tenable interpretations are sustained. 9. A completely new conclusion must be formulated which considers all valid models. 1 0. In the next chapter I demonstrate that this problem cannot be solved along these lines. 11 . I mention now another category of facts never integrated in the field -- perhaps because they are too precise ! 1 2. It seems that some kind of statistical method might be helpful, provided a representative body of instrumental data gathered becomes available. 1 3. In this final section I summarize some of what I take to be my more significant conclusions. 1 4. What I am suggesting is that this is not necessarily a consequence of the impact. 1 5. For that reason, in the next chapter I concentrate only on a subset of the variables. 1 6. In the following, I first briefly describe the major arguments made by this approach, point out what I see as defective with those arguments, and then proceed to argue why the separation of the two categories is impossible in the analysis.

1 7. The absence of major theoretical issues which are being contested makes these chapters somewhat dry reading. 1 8. It seems to me that Earl is here introducing the wrong distinctions and omitting the right ones. 1 9. A team of scholars at the University of Nancy is preparing a more detailed analysis of these problems, so we may look forward to the results of their investigations. 20. This problem has been later acknowledged by Peters, but it has not been taken up by him in any significant way. 21 . This view has come under considerable criticism. 22. My effort to do just that has led to two conclusions. 23. First, this approach has led to a highly coherent and (I hope) revealing analysis. 24. No critical experiment has been reported up to now. 25. Another such argument has been advanced by Kostler (1 992). 26. There have been several attempts to put these arguments on a quantitative basis. 27. These assertions have engendered a lively debate, and many less than critical scholars have accepted their conclusions enthusiastically. 28. This idea has been implemented in various ways. 29. This