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Next comes M. Poole’s article. Далі йде ст ат т я M. Пула.

г ) Ін в е р с і я дієприкметника I дієслівних форм Continuous: Rounding out the volume is a topically-indexed, annotated list of 456 references. Завершує

книгу бібліографія з 456 позицій та предметний покажчик.

д ) інверсія допоміжного дієслова had форми Subjunctive II: Had this material been examined from this viewpoint, the regularities that he discovers would probably have gone unnoted. Якби цей мат еріал був досліджений з такої точк и зори ,

закономірності, що він їх вст ан о влю є , залишилися б , можли во , непоміченими.

1 .2. Нерідко інверсія присудка або його част и н и супроводжується емфатичним

ви діленням обст ави н и або /та заперечення: Nowhere can we see such rapid progress as in computing technologies. Ніде більше не

спостерігається такого швидкого прогресу, як у комп 'ютерних тех н ологіях . Only then can such classes be determined. Лише тоді можн а ви з н ачи т и такі к л аси . 2.1 . Ок ремо варто зупинитися на перекладі інвертованого з мет о ю емф аз и предикатива

у підрядних допуст ових реченнях , коли предикатив ви н есен о у позицію перед підмет ом

або навіть перед сп олучн и к ами as, though, however тощо, які у таких випадках

п ерек л адаю т ь ся як "хоч" або "хоч який би ". У перекладі предикатив з б ері г ає свою

позицію на початку речення у випадку вживання останньої сполучної фраз и : Such a principle, strange as it may seem, is championed in one form or another by certain scholars. Таки й принцип , хоч він і може ви дат и ся досить дивним, обстоюють деякі

вчен і . We have to mention some figures, uncertain as some of them are. Пот рібн о н авест и деякі

дані, хоча окремі з них є непевними . Small as the molecules are, they can be divided into still smaller particles. Хоч якими б

мали ми не були молекули, їх можн а розщепити на ще мен ш і част к и .

2.2. Якщо у таких підрядних реченнях вжи т о катафоричний займенник it у функції

підмет а, то цей займенник п ерек л адаєт ь ся відповідним іменником, а іменник , у свою

чергу -- відповідним займенником: Useful as it is, the book has two general shortcomings. Хоча ця книга й корисна, вон а все

ж має два загальних недоліки.

Завдання Перекладіть речення, звертаючи ув а г у на ви бір адек ват н ого способу

перекладу інвертованої част и н и присудка або всь о го інвертованого присудка:

1 . Most conclusive were the results of the training phase. 2. Underlying this study are the following assumptions. 3. Too restrictive are definitions of many of the notions. 4. Probably the most interesting is the monograph's introduction. 5. Missing, unfortunately, is a list of the journals cited in the bibliography. 6. So powerful were his arguments that no scientist has ever attempted to answer them. 7. Also interesting is the consideration of methodological issues. 8. Also curiously missing is much discussion of the educational implication of the study. 9. Worth noting is the fact that such an adaptation pattern was also observed in other cases. 1 0. Noteworthy among these are the discussions of major differences in the theories. 11 . But even more important is that it is often difficult to figure out what domains are relevant. 1 2. Better, though still flawed, is a definition of the major concept of the study. 1 3. Equally important, Luce suggests, are a number of other considerations. 1 4. More puzzling is his approval of this attack on scientists whom he, at least, views as wittgensteinians. 1 5. Implicit in this statement of Seal's position is the distinction between the two kinds of facts. 1 6. Following the appendix is a bibliography, extensive, though not annotated. 1 7. More curious than the presumed theoretical innocence of this analysis is the nature of the explanations it produces. 1 8. Symptomatic of this fact is the recent conference in Glasgow. 1 9. Of more immediate relevance to our work are recent studies of Lark (1 991 , 1 992). 20. Still to be worked out was the question of exactly how and where this proposal could fit in the hypothesis. 21 . Unfortunately, the solution, attractive as it looks, suffers from several shortcomings. 22. But in no way does it approach the book under review in depth, scope, or insight of coverage. 23. Working under hard conditions were all the early students of this new field. 24. Self-evident as this may be, the idea may unfortunately be too subversive to gain acceptance. 25. Never

could this process be expected to take place under these conditions. 26. Science is a continuing process and at no stage can one say that one's knowledge is complete and final. 27. Only then could he show that this set of genes would be unlikely to survive sexual recombination. 28. Grouped under this topic are very diverse questions. 29. Presupposed here will be the general form of the theory of Clark (1 993). 30. Particularly missed is an entry for the main term. 31 . Contained in this part are diverse creative pieces and several letters written to editors of journals. 32. Of particular interest are the articles which offer new theoretical formulations. 33. Perhaps of greatest methodological interest are articles by Whinnon, by Bailey and Maroldt, and by Hall and Pam. 34. Among these is the possibility of doing away with the cycle as a mode of application. 35. First comes the additional platitude I promised. 36. Then followed the discovery of a new element. 37. Next comes a survey of 274 items. 38. Among the items they missed are three interesting older works. 39. Along with this minor difficulty is the more fundamental problem. 40. And then along came Wilhelm Scherer who tried to dismantle the achievements of Gross. 41 . This requires more than mere acceptance of the need for the device, important though this is. 42. However unfashionable this position may be at any given time, it is one in which he can take comfort. 43. However, valuable as these descriptions are, traditional approaches are deficient in that they leave unexpressed many basic regularities with which they are concerned. 44. It should be emphasized that this ad hoc marking, primitive as it seems, is superior to other devices. 45. As engaging and compelling as I found their arguments in the earlier mentioned respects, I nevertheless feel it remains somewhat unclear as to how the reader is to relate these axioms to the other "constitutive dimensions". 46. Paradoxical as this may seem at first glance, internal considerations may provide significant support for this conclusion. 47. But, genuine though this problem is, his theory itself is neutral, and has a value quite apart from particular answers to it. 48. This dry definition, accurate as it is, does not fully suggest the importance of what it conveys. 49. Coupled with this hypothesis was another one carried over from the nineteenth century. 50. Noteworthy is the result obtained during the Second World War. 51 . Representative of this school, among others, were the seventeenth-century Cambridge Platonists. 52. Presented here is a critical examination of this confused and confusing body of literature which goes back to an article published a century ago by Moritz Trautmann. 53. But more bothersome is the use of the term "standard" itself, which the authors take for granted and leave undefined. 54. Not until James Hutton came forward with his view, was uniformitarianism conclusively established as a fundamental principle. 55. Also apparent from these writings is the profound

early influence Cassius Kayser had on his work. 56. Perhaps too easily lost on the nonspecialist reader will be the value and significance of the last claim. 57. Following his Introduction to the Second Edition of the book are several forewords and comments written between 1 941 -1 945. 58. Appended below is a list of some objects categorized according to the criteria discussed above. 59. Only when a clear body of information is available can we move across and apply this procedure.

1 3. Підрядне присудкове речення

1 . Підрядне присудкове речення міст и т ь ся звичайно після дієслова-зв'язки to be (або to become та ін .), що п ерек л адаєт ь ся як "полягати у тому, що ", "бути тим, що ", "це те, що "

і т . ін . Підрядні присудкові речення приєдную ться до головного речення сп олучн и к ами that "що ", whether/if "чи ", who "хто", what "що ", whose "чи й ", whom "кого, кому, ким", which "який " та ін . Підрядні присудкові речення звичайно п ерек л адаю т ь ся підрядними

присудкови ми реченнями : The question that needs to be debated is whether this is really a confusion. Пи тання, яке

необх і дно обговорити , полягає в тому, чи це є дійсно наслідком плутанини . The only limitation is that they must be identical. Єдине обмеження полягає в тому, що

вон и повинні бути тотожними .

Друг а половина перекладу сполучної фраз и whether or not розташовує ться у кінці

підрядного речення: The question is whether or not the unit will stand the test. Пи тання полягає у тому, чи

ви т р и м ає випробування цей блок , чи ні. 2. Складнопідрядні речення з підрядним присудкови м слі д відріз н ят и від речень з

конструк цією логічного ви ділення моделі "This is + підрядне речення", які

п ерек л адаю т ь ся , як правило, простим реченням (докладніше про переклад таких речень

див. 1 -ий параграф розділу VIII).

Завдання Перекладіть складнопідрядні речення з підрядним присудкови м реченням,

звертаючи ув а г у на ви бір адек ват н ого способу перекладу сп олучників:

1 . The real issue is whether or not we can raise this question. 2. Perhaps the most surprising thing about Pankias' article is that it has not been written before. 3. A question, then, is whether there is a small number of basic categories. 4. A disadvantage of this array is that its use is limited. 5. One important point to remember is that air speed must be very high. 6. One reason for that is that this characteristic is constant. 7. The reason is that an alternative hypothesis is not available. 8. Reinhart's argument is that the difference is less straightforward to explain. 9. The important thing to note is that significance of a signal depends on many factors. 1 0. The question, then, is which of our four analyses is produced by the best theory.

11 . At any rate, his main claim is that all these evolutionary accounts are "explanatory sterile".

1 2. As to theory, the main problem with his analysis is what is left unsaid. 1 3. The only apparent virtue of the ideal model is that it is different from the four studied. 1 4. One problem, however, is that interesting and important phenomena are occasionally given only brief mention. 1 5. Riemsdijk's proposal is that what are generally thought of as German adjectives are not really adjectives. 1 6. A basic question to ask about this book, then, is whether that suggestion holds water. 1 7. The fundamental tenet of empiricism is that all non-analytic knowledge is derived from experience alone. 1 8. The importance of this observation was that it led to a number of interesting explanations of seemingly unrelated phenomena. 1 9. The second claim is that my treatment is the best one, given the devices this theory makes available. 20. Once again, the issue is not whether this is technically feasible, but whether there is any independent motivation for the assumption on which it rests. 21 . The crucial question is, therefore, whether we are dealing with a universal and unique process that generates a unique type of pattern. 22. My point is not that Bright's dimensions are wrong, but that we do not know if they are right. 23. One of the basic arguments advanced for the use of the method is that it is the only procedure which assures a definite outcome. 24. One specification for the desired product is that the design be completed in such a way that it will conform to certain government standards.

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