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2.2.. Формальний підмет there може ут ворювати суб 'єктний предикативний

інфінітивний зворот (про його переклад див. параграф 1 3 розділу III) з дієсловами seem, happen, appear тощо у формі активного ст ан у, що п ерек л адаю т ь ся

парентетичними словами “з д аєт ь ся ”, “мабут ь ” та ін .: Furthermore, there appears to be no evidence for the type of structure Knowles proposes.

Крім того , з д аєт ь ся , немає даних на користь існування ст рук т ур того типу, про який

йдеться в Ноул з а. That is, there seem to be no proper generalizations that are correctly studied in terms of this distinction. Ін ш и м и словами , з д аєт ь ся , немає належних уз агаль н ен ь , що правильно

ви к л аден і з ур а х ув а н н я м цієї розбіжності. 3. Слід мат и на ув а з і , що ск ладн і дієслівні та номінативн і присудки можут ь

розщеплюватися сми слови м підмет ом, і тому необх і дно правильно ви з н ачат и

присудок : There is a special point to be made about the references to primary source material.

Необх і дно окремо розглянут и поси лання на матеріали першоджерел . We know that there are numerous movements observable, sometimes at high speeds. Ми

знаємо, що можн а спостерігати чи слен н і рух и , іноді на доси ть ви сок и х швидкостях .

Завдання Перекладіть речення з формальним підмет ом there:

1 . There is much that is right in this account. 2. And there are a few errors of fact here. 3. There is indeed very little to be said about this position. 4. There is also a partly annotated bibliography and an index. 5. There is no reason why this cannot be made explicit. 6. There are a number of reasons to rule out this possibility. 7. There is little hint, however, of what this move will amount to. 8. We hypothesize, however, that there was such a stage. 9. There are several problems with this objection. 1 0. There are two problematic issues here. 11 . But there is an error in this section, caused in part by the approach. 1 2. There is a third, somewhat less salient argument against this analysis. 1 3. There are two serious problems with this proposal.

1 4. Finally, there are methodological issues to address. 1 5. There is also the vexing problem

of circularity: how do we know what is relevant? 1 6. These papers show that currently there are more issues than answers. 1 7. There has been a revolution in the technology of observation in the last couple of decades. 1 8. There may be compelling reasons for rejecting such an interpretation, but none is mentioned in the paper. 1 9. There are a number of problems with this idea, independent of its peculiar implementation. 20. Moreover, there seems to be a problem in the use of this term itself. 21 . There exists an obvious alternative analysis of these examples. 22. But there would have to be some other mechanism for dealing with the optional positions. 23. But how adequate is this assessment ? There seem to be two points regarding this position that are worth questioning. 24. There remain to be noticed two or three other points. 25. So far as I know, there is absolutely no disagreement over these judgments. 26. There appears to be a need for more investment of resources into developing more effective research techniques. 27. There follow a relatively brief conclusion, two copious bibliographies, plus a two-column index. 28. However, there exists an alternative analysis (Paul Crank, class lectures, spring 1 994). 29. There is no such method and there is not likely to be any (at least in our lifetime). 30. As usual, there is something for everyone in this theoretical framework. 31 . In any event, there is a glaring inconsistency involved in rejecting this possibility. 32. But there is no comparable summary treatment of the other side of the question. 33. There is an index of names in the monograph, but none of terms or of topics. 34. In view of its importance, there have been surprisingly few experimental investigations of the issue. 35. In particular, there appear to be no grounds for the thinking that the alternatives to the approach offer a clearly superior solution to the fundamental problem. 2. Неозначений займенник one

Речення з неозначено-особовим підмет ом one звичайно п ерек л адаю т ь ся одним із трьох

способів:

1 ) безособовим реченням: If, for some reason, one wishes to avoid this, it is, of course, possible. Якщо з якоїсь

причини бажано уникнути цього, то це, звичайно, можли во .

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