- •1. Parts of language. Grammar as a part of language
- •2. Morphology and Syntax as parts of Grammar.
- •3. Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical meaning.
- •4.Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical form
- •5.Main of Grammar. Grammatical category.
- •6. Main notions of Grammar. The morpheme.
- •7.The morphological structure of English words.
- •8.Morphological analysis of words.(смотреть вопрос 7)
- •9.Criteria of classifying words into parts of speech. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •10.The English noun as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •11.The English noun. The category of number.
- •12.The English noun. The category of case.
- •13.The English noun. The problem of the category of gender.
- •14.The English adjective as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •15.The English adjective. The problem of the number of forms of degrees of comparison.
- •16.The English adjective. The problem of analytical forms of comparison.
- •17. Conversion.
- •18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •19.The English verb. The category of tense.
- •20.The English verb. The category of aspect.
- •Verbs denoting relations:
- •Link-verbs of the seem-type:
- •Verbs of physical perception and mental activity:
- •21.The English verb. The category of order.
- •22.The English verb. The category of voice.
- •23. The category of mood
- •24.The phrase. Principles of classification.
- •25.The phrase. Syntactic relations of words within phrases.
- •26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
- •27. Principles of classification of sentences.
- •28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
- •29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
- •30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
- •32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
- •33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
- •34.The compound sentence.
- •35.The complex sentence.
33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
Modality-is a functional-semantic category which expresses different types of relations between the utterance and reality as well as different types of subjective evaluation(субъективная оценка) of the information contained in the utterance.
According to Vinogradov there can be primary and secondary modality. Primary modality expresses the relation of the contexts of the sentence to reality as established by the speaker. Presents an event as real, unreal, or desirable by mood forms;it is a component of predicativity and as such it is obligatory in the sentence.
Secondary or root modality-expresses the relation between the subject of the sentence and the action. Presents an action as possible, obligatory, desirable etc.
Negation-shows that the relations established between the components of the sentence do not exist in reality, from the speaker’s point of view(the speaker denies the truth of the proposition).
The difference:
Grammatical negators turn the sentence from affirmative to negative whereas lexical negators do not. Ex. He did not find anybody.
He found nobody.
Features of negation in English:
sentences are mononegative
the negation tends to be placed in the modal part of the utterance, which makes the statements less assertive.(положительный)
34.The compound sentence.
The Compound sentence is a syntactic unit which consists of two or more clauses joined together on the basis of coordinate relations.
Clauses combined by means of coordination are regarded as independent, they are linked in such a way that there is no hierarchy in the syntactic relationship, they have the same syntactic status. Two clauses are coordinated if they are connected by a conjunct or a coordinator. Coordinated clauses are sometimes called “conjoins”. Coordination can be asyndatic or syndatic.
Asyndetic Compound Sentences: In them coordinators are absent. Two or more clauses can be made into one sentence without a coordinator being used. The result is a.c.s. Don’t worry, I’ll take care of it. In writing, asyndetically joined coordinate clauses are separated by a semicolon (;), colon (:) or a dash (-).
Syndetic compound sentences: In them the type of coordination is expressed explicitly by means of coordinators, coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, so that ex. The lights went out, the curtain went up and the show began. The peculiarity of and and or is that they can link more than two clauses. Coordinators can be divided into one-member, or simple (and, but) and multi-member (either…or).
Coordinators and conjuncts in a compound sentence express four logical types of coordination: copulative, disjunctive, adversative and causative-consecutive.
Form the semantico-syntactic point of view there are 2 basic types of connection:
1.Marked coordinative connection – copulative, causal, resultative, adversative, disjunctive, e.g. We cannot go upstairs for we are too tired.
2.Unmarked coordinative connection - is realized by the coordinative connector “and” and also asyndetically (copulative, enumerative, causal, resultative relations), e.g. Time passed, and she came to no conclusions. We cannot go upstairs, we are too tired.
Gramm structure of compound sentences:
The semantic relations between the clauses making up the compound sentence depend partly on the lexical meaning of the conjunction uniting them, and partly on the meanings of the words making up the clauses themselves: -Copulative conjunctions - and, neither…nor, -Disjunctive conjunctions - or, otherwise, either…or, -Adversative conjunctions - but, yet, still, nevertheless, however
As to the use of tenses in clauses making up a compound sentence, we should note that there is no general rule of their interdependence. However, in a number of cases we do find interdependence of co-ordinate clauses from this point of view.
The number of clauses in a compound sentence may be greater than 2, and in this case the conjunctions uniting the clauses may be different. The length of the CS in terms of the number of its clausal parts is in principle unlimited, since it is determined by the informative purpose of the speaker