- •1. Parts of language. Grammar as a part of language
- •2. Morphology and Syntax as parts of Grammar.
- •3. Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical meaning.
- •4.Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical form
- •5.Main of Grammar. Grammatical category.
- •6. Main notions of Grammar. The morpheme.
- •7.The morphological structure of English words.
- •8.Morphological analysis of words.(смотреть вопрос 7)
- •9.Criteria of classifying words into parts of speech. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •10.The English noun as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •11.The English noun. The category of number.
- •12.The English noun. The category of case.
- •13.The English noun. The problem of the category of gender.
- •14.The English adjective as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •15.The English adjective. The problem of the number of forms of degrees of comparison.
- •16.The English adjective. The problem of analytical forms of comparison.
- •17. Conversion.
- •18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •19.The English verb. The category of tense.
- •20.The English verb. The category of aspect.
- •Verbs denoting relations:
- •Link-verbs of the seem-type:
- •Verbs of physical perception and mental activity:
- •21.The English verb. The category of order.
- •22.The English verb. The category of voice.
- •23. The category of mood
- •24.The phrase. Principles of classification.
- •25.The phrase. Syntactic relations of words within phrases.
- •26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
- •27. Principles of classification of sentences.
- •28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
- •29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
- •30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
- •32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
- •33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
- •34.The compound sentence.
- •35.The complex sentence.
31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
It is well known fact that the notional parts of the sentence form together the nominative meaning of the sentence. The division of the sentence into notional parts can be called the nominative division. The idea of the actual division has been put forward in theoretical linguistics. Its purpose is to reveal the correlative significance of the sentence parts from the point of view of their actual informative role in an utterance.
The main components of the actual division are the “theme” and the “rheme”. Theme expresses the starting point of the communication. Rheme expresses the basic informative part of the communication.
Between the theme and the rheme are positioned intermediary parts of the actual division. The theme may or may not coincide with the subject of the sentence. The rheme with a predicate. The actual division finds its full expression only in a concrete context of speech. If it is stylistically neutral construction the theme is the subject and the rheme is the predicate and this kind of actual division is direct. The actual division in which the rheme is expressed by the subject is inverted.
The means of expressing the rheme : Lexical meanings – particles (only,even); Logical stress; Change of syntactic structure (It was he who did it); Passive voice.
Means of expressing theme: Definite article. Word order.
The actual division is an active means of expressing functional meaning.
Intonation is a very important means of actual division.
The point of the actual division of the sentence is in the lingual limitation of the amount of information carried by the message.
32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
The communicative function of the sentence distinguishes it from phrases and words, which have one function — naming. Compare the following structures:
(1) The doctor's arrival. (2) The doctor arrived.
These two structures name the same event, but (1) is not correlated with(не находится в связи,в отношении) the situation of speech and does not convey information about the reality or the time of the event; (2) is correlated with the situation of speech and shows that the event took place in the past.
The correlation of the thought expressed in the sentence with the situation of speech is called predicativity. Predicativiry has three main components: modality, time and person, expressed by the categories of mood, tense and person. So the predicate verb is the main means of expressing predicativity.
The person component of predicativity is also expressed by the subject. Thus predicativity is expressed by the subject-predicate group, or predication. Predication constitutes the basic structure of the sentence.
Predicativity is also expressed by intonation, which is the essential feature of the sentence as a unit of speech.
It should be noted, that some scholars use only one term — predication to denote both the relation of the sentence to reality and means of its expression.
A sentence may contain primary (shows all the three features of predicativity-person,time,modality) and secondary predication(constructions with non-finite verb. forms-infinitive,gerund,participles). Secondary predication is related to reality indirectly-through primary predication.
The group someone singing is called the secondary predication, as it resembles the subject-predicate group, or the primary predication, structurally and semantically: it consists of two main components, nominal and verbal, and names an event or situation. But it cannot be correlated with reality directly and cannot constitute an independent unit of communication, as verbals have no categories of mood, tense and person. The secondary predication is related to the situation of speech indirectly, through the primary predications.