- •1. Parts of language. Grammar as a part of language
- •2. Morphology and Syntax as parts of Grammar.
- •3. Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical meaning.
- •4.Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical form
- •5.Main of Grammar. Grammatical category.
- •6. Main notions of Grammar. The morpheme.
- •7.The morphological structure of English words.
- •8.Morphological analysis of words.(смотреть вопрос 7)
- •9.Criteria of classifying words into parts of speech. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •10.The English noun as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •11.The English noun. The category of number.
- •12.The English noun. The category of case.
- •13.The English noun. The problem of the category of gender.
- •14.The English adjective as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •15.The English adjective. The problem of the number of forms of degrees of comparison.
- •16.The English adjective. The problem of analytical forms of comparison.
- •17. Conversion.
- •18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •19.The English verb. The category of tense.
- •20.The English verb. The category of aspect.
- •Verbs denoting relations:
- •Link-verbs of the seem-type:
- •Verbs of physical perception and mental activity:
- •21.The English verb. The category of order.
- •22.The English verb. The category of voice.
- •23. The category of mood
- •24.The phrase. Principles of classification.
- •25.The phrase. Syntactic relations of words within phrases.
- •26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
- •27. Principles of classification of sentences.
- •28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
- •29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
- •30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
- •32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
- •33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
- •34.The compound sentence.
- •35.The complex sentence.
18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
The verb is a notional part of speech which denotes actions and states.
As a part of speech the verb is characterized by the following features:
the lexico-grammatical meaning of action, process, or state;
the typical suffixes -ize, -en, -ify; prefixes re-, under-, over-, out-, super-, sub-, mis-, un-; postpositional morphemes up, in, off, down, out, etc.;
the grammatical categories of voice, order, aspect, person, number, tense, mood.;
the regular combinability with nouns and their equivalents which denote either the doer or the recipient-получатель (the subject or the object) of the action expressed by the verb; and with adverbs modifying it;
the function of the predicate.
According to their structure verbs can be divided into the following groups:
simple verbs (e. g. to ask, to love, to read);
derived verbs (e. g. to rebuild, to organize, to oversleep);
compound verbs (e. g. to whitewash, to broadcast);
composite verbs (e. g. to give up, to give in, to try on).
The most productive ways of forming verbs are: conversion, adding prefixes and the suffix -ize, combining verbs with postpositional word-morphemes.
The traditional classification of verbs is morphological, based on the formal criterion – the way verbs are created. The majority of English verbs enter the group of standard, or regular verbs. About 200 verbs are called non-standard, or irregular.
Semantically verbs fall into:
notional verbs;
semi-notional verbs;
formal verbs.
Notional verbs are those which possess concrete full lexical meaning and perform the function of a simple verbal predicate(сказуемое). Besides, they can function independently making full-meaning sentences of the type: Come in! Write! The majority of English verbs are notional.
Semi-notional verbs are presented by modal and aspective verbs. Compound predicates with these verbs are divided into modal and aspect accordingly. Modal verbs have their peculiar modal meaning no way resembling(иметь сходство) the meaning of 'action' or 'process' common to all verbs. Modal verbs are used to show the speaker's attitude to the action: whether he considers it possible / impossible, obligatory, necessary, advisable, etc. Their combinability is specific: they attach only infinitives.
Formal verbs are traditionally divided into link-verbs, intensive verbs, prop-verbs and auxiliary verbs.
Opinions differ on the point whether link-verbs are devoid of lexical meaning. But if it were so there would be no difference between the sentences: He is young. He seems young. He becomes young, etc. So, link-verbs seem to have both: grammatical and lexical meaning.
The only verb which can perform the intensifying function is the verb do.
e. g. I do hate you.
Prop-verbs are actually substitutes as they substitute notional verbs. Here belong the verbs: do, have, shall, will, should, would.
e. g. You write quicker than I do.
Verbal forms are divided into finite and non-finite. Non-finite forms are: the infinitive, the gerund and the participle. The main difference between finite and non-finite forms is that the latter cannot perform the syntactic function of a simple verbal predicate.