- •1. Parts of language. Grammar as a part of language
- •2. Morphology and Syntax as parts of Grammar.
- •3. Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical meaning.
- •4.Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical form
- •5.Main of Grammar. Grammatical category.
- •6. Main notions of Grammar. The morpheme.
- •7.The morphological structure of English words.
- •8.Morphological analysis of words.(смотреть вопрос 7)
- •9.Criteria of classifying words into parts of speech. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •10.The English noun as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •11.The English noun. The category of number.
- •12.The English noun. The category of case.
- •13.The English noun. The problem of the category of gender.
- •14.The English adjective as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •15.The English adjective. The problem of the number of forms of degrees of comparison.
- •16.The English adjective. The problem of analytical forms of comparison.
- •17. Conversion.
- •18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •19.The English verb. The category of tense.
- •20.The English verb. The category of aspect.
- •Verbs denoting relations:
- •Link-verbs of the seem-type:
- •Verbs of physical perception and mental activity:
- •21.The English verb. The category of order.
- •22.The English verb. The category of voice.
- •23. The category of mood
- •24.The phrase. Principles of classification.
- •25.The phrase. Syntactic relations of words within phrases.
- •26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
- •27. Principles of classification of sentences.
- •28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
- •29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
- •30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
- •32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
- •33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
- •34.The compound sentence.
- •35.The complex sentence.
26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
A sentence is the largest and most complicated unit of language and at the same time it is the smallest unit of speech, or the smallest utterance. In speech sentences are not given ready-made, they are created by the speaker. But they are built according to patterns existing in the language. So concrete sentences belong to speech. Patterns, according to which they are built, belong to language.
A sentence has two basic meaningful functions: naming and communicative. Sentences name situations and events of objective reality and convey information, expressing complete thoughts or feelings. So the sentence is a structural, semantic and communicative unity. Accordingly the three main aspects of the sentence are syntactic, semantic and logico -communicative.
This division into two parts, the theme(основная мысль) and the rheme(ядро, новое (в актуальном членении предложени) , is called the actual sentence division, or the functional sentence perspective.
There is one more aspect of the sentence as a unit of speech — the use of sentences in social interaction-взаимодействие, their function in particular contexts of use. For example, the statementI I have no cigarettes can be interpreted in certain contexts as a command or request. So sentences can be analysed from the point of view of the intentions of the speaker, the effect of the utterance on the interlocutor(собеседник), the appropriateness of the utterance in a given context. This aspect is called pragmatic.
Different aspects of the sentence are reflected in numerous definitions, which may be logical, psychological, structural etc. It is difficult to give an all-embracing definition.
Sentence is a ready made unit which builds up mental grammar. In speech, the speaker uses these patterns and fills in them with lexical units.
27. Principles of classification of sentences.
As is well-known, sentences may be classified on the basis of two main principles: communicative (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory) and structural :
-simple(complete-1member and 2member(extended and non –extended) and elliptical
- composite :complex and compound
In the L system certain sentence-patterns are correlated(взаимосвязаны) and are connected by oppositional relations: statement/question (He knows it — Does he know it?), non-negative/negative structures (Does he know it? — Doesn't he know it?), non-emphatic/emphatic structures (Come! — DO come.').
Syntactic oppositions reveal syntactic categories (their number varies with different scholars). Members of syntactic oppositions can be regarded as gramm modifications, or variants of sentence patterns. Thus the syntactic structure of the sentence may be represented by a number of forms, which constitute the paradigm of the sentence.
According to the purpose of the utterance we distinguish 4 kinds of sentences:
1- The declarative sentence states a fact in the affirmative or negative form. In DS the subject precedes the predicate: He does not go anywhere.
2- An Imperative sentence serves to induce a person to do smth, so it expresses a command (Come to the blackboard!), a request or invitation (rising tone: Open the door, please!).
3- The interrogative sentence asks a question. It is formed by means of inversion (unless subject is an interrogative word: Who is in the room? – no inversion).
There are several kinds of questions: General questions requiring the answer yes or. They are formed by placing part of the predicative (auxiliary or modal verb) before the subject. Rhetoric questions: Can you commit a whole country to their own prisons? Special q. beginning with an interrogative word Where do you live? (order of words is as in Gen. question) Alternative questions, indicating choice Do you live in town or in the country? Disjunctive questions requiring the answer yes or no and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative question, or a negative statement followed by an affirmative question You speak English, don’t you?
4- An exclamatory sentence expresses some kind of emotion or feeling. It often begins with the words what and how, it is always in the declarative form (no inversion) (falling intonation: What a lovely day it is! How wonderful!)