- •1. Parts of language. Grammar as a part of language
- •2. Morphology and Syntax as parts of Grammar.
- •3. Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical meaning.
- •4.Main notions of Grammar. Grammatical form
- •5.Main of Grammar. Grammatical category.
- •6. Main notions of Grammar. The morpheme.
- •7.The morphological structure of English words.
- •8.Morphological analysis of words.(смотреть вопрос 7)
- •9.Criteria of classifying words into parts of speech. Notional and functional classes of words.
- •10.The English noun as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •11.The English noun. The category of number.
- •12.The English noun. The category of case.
- •13.The English noun. The problem of the category of gender.
- •14.The English adjective as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •15.The English adjective. The problem of the number of forms of degrees of comparison.
- •16.The English adjective. The problem of analytical forms of comparison.
- •17. Conversion.
- •18.The English verb as a part of speech (general characteristics).
- •19.The English verb. The category of tense.
- •20.The English verb. The category of aspect.
- •Verbs denoting relations:
- •Link-verbs of the seem-type:
- •Verbs of physical perception and mental activity:
- •21.The English verb. The category of order.
- •22.The English verb. The category of voice.
- •23. The category of mood
- •24.The phrase. Principles of classification.
- •25.The phrase. Syntactic relations of words within phrases.
- •26.The sentence as a unit of syntax, its basic properties.
- •27. Principles of classification of sentences.
- •28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
- •29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
- •30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
- •31.The communicative structure of the sentence. Actual sentence division.
- •32.Predication. Primary and secondary predication.
- •33.Modality and negation as categories of the sentence.
- •34.The compound sentence.
- •35.The complex sentence.
28.Principal parts of the sentence: the subject.
Смотреть распечатку. То что галочкой отмечено то и диктовать.
29. Principal parts of the sentence: the predicate.
(смотреть распечатку то что галочкой то и диктовать)
30.The semantic structure of the sentence.
Every linguistic unit may be analysed either from the form to the meaning or from the signification to the means of expression. Traditionally sentence analysis starts from syntactic structure. It is possible, however, to start with the semantic representation and then relate constituents of the semantic (underlying, deep) structure to the constituents of the gramm (surface) structure.
Models of the analysis of semantic structure were worked out by the representatives of a new school of linguistic thought, called generative semantics. One of these models is Case Grammar devised by the American scholar Ch.Fillmore.
As shown above, TM distinguished deep and surface structures within the syntactic level. In Case Grammar deep, or underlying structure is semantic and surface structure is syntactic. Deep, or semantic structure has two main constituents: modality (features of mood, tense, aspect, negation, relating to the sentence as a whole) and proposition (a tenseless set of relationships). The proposition is constituted by the semantic predicate (the central element) and some nominal elements, called arguments or participants. The proposition is a reflection of situations and events of the outside world. The semantic predicate determines the number of arguments, or opens up places for arguments. Accordingly we may distinguish one-place predicates (She sang), two-place predicates (She broke the dish) and so on. Arguments are in different semantic relations to the predicate. These relations are called semantic roles or deep cases. The choice of semantic roles depends on the nature of the predicate. The American scholar W.Chafe divides predicates into states and non-states, or events, the latter being subdivided into actions and processes: (1) Tfie wood is dry. — state; (2) She sang. (What did she do?) — action; (3) The wood dried. (What happened?) — process
Semantic roles, or deep cases are judgements about the events, such as: Who did it? Who did it happen to? What got changed?
The most general roles are agent (doer of the action) and patient (affected by the action or state). Actions are accompanied by agents, states and processes — by patients; predicates, denoting both actions and processes — by agents and patients: She broke the dish.
The original set of deep cases, proposed by Ch.Fillmore, includes 6 cases: agentive, objective, beneficiary, instrument, locative, factitive. Eg.: (1) He dug the ground. (Objective); (2) He dug a hole. (Factitive)
Sentences (1) and (2) have the same surface structure, but different deep structure. On the other hand different syntactic structures may refer to the same deep structure: (1) John opened the door with the, key, (2) The door was opeied by John. (3) John used the key to open the door. (4) The key opened the door.
The problems of formalizing the description of semantic relations have remained very great and case grammar came to attract somewhat less interest in the 1970s.