Вариант 4

№1 Перепишите предложения, используя инфинитив (Infinitive); вставьте слова и словосочетания в скобках (если таковые имеются). Переведите переделанные предложения и подчеркните инфинитив:

1. Have you got anything that you want to say on this subject?

2. Here is something that will warm you up.

3. He relaxes by standing on his head. (odd way)

4. I heard that you can’t come skiing after all. (disappointed)

5. They have holiday in June. (pleasant time)

6. I saw that I had passed the exam. (glad)

7. Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow.

№2 Закончите предложения, образовав Participle I или Participle II от глаголов в скобках. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, подчеркните причастие и укажите его форму:

1. The floor (to wash) by Helen looked very clean.

2. The tiger was (to terrify) sight for the villagers.

3. People are still in the process of repairing the many (to damage) buildings and streets.

4. The (to expect) event did not occur.

5. Any (to think) person knows that smoking is a destructive habit.

6. The wall (to surround) the house was very high.

7. Do you know the woman (to come) towards us?

№3 Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки и вставляя требующуюся форму герундия (Gerund) и предлог, если необходимо. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Fred is always complaining (to have) a headache.

2. We went (to sail) yesterday and enjoyed it very much.

3. Instead (to ask) for help on each arithmetic problem, you should use your book.

4. I look forward (to see) you next time I’m in town.

5. Alice told us that she was tired (to wash) the dishes every night.

6. I tried to prevent him (to come).

7. He objects (to kill) wild animals for sport.

№4 Раскройте скобки, употребляя инфинитив (Infinitive) или герундий (Gerund). Перепишите переделанные предложения, переведите их, указав неличную форму глагола и ее форму:

1. I’d rather (earn) my living by (scrub) than (make) money by (blackmail) people.

2. I always remember (turn) off all the lights before I leave my house.

3. We went for a walk after we finished (clean) up the kitchen.

4. Sometimes students avoid (look) at the teacher if they don’t want (answer) a question.

5. Did he agree (go) (camp) with you?

6. The taxi driver refused (take) a check. He wanted the passenger (pay) in cash.

7. Keep (talk), I’m listening to you.

№5 Исправьте ошибки в предложениях, перепишите их и переведите на русский язык. Подчеркните неличную форму глагола и укажите ее форму:

1. Did they suspect that man in being a spy?

2. This is a church building many years ago.

3. The kidnappers told the parents not inform the police about that accident.

4. He is engaged at writing an autobiography.

5. Are you good with playing tennis?

6. The most difficult thing was decided what to do.

7. You are responsible for to lose the matches.

№6 Расположите по порядку:

4. предложения, в которых ing-форма является причастием;

5. предложения, в которых ing-форма является герундием;

6. предложения, в которых ing-форма является отглагольным существительным.

Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Such doings can hardly be explained.

2. From the second part of the 16^th century, Cossacks started raiding ottoman territories.

3. We felt so disappointed at your having missed nearly half the programme.

4. The building of this house will cost much money.

5. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now Cairo.

6. Constantine laid out the expanded city, dividing it into 14 regions, and ornamenting it with public works worthy of a great imperial metropolis.

7. Reading books out of doors is his favorite way of spending the summer holidays, but he kikes swimming and going on excursions as well.

8. He had a great simplicity of manner, and while on a campaign lived as a private soldier, sleeping on straw and contenting himself with the humblest fare.

№7 Соотнесите части предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) She is hard to	a) for doing this work?
2) To say the least of it	b) she decided to enter the History faculty.
3) I am tired of	c) he still felt himself part of the family.
4) What do you need	d) he was able to translate the text easily.
5) Being so far away from home,	e) deal with.
6) Having written out and learnt all the new words,	f) we were surprised.
7) After finishing the school	g) working in my garden.

№8 Прочитайте и письменно переведите 2,3,4,5 абзацы текста:

Chinese Civilization: The Great Wall

1) The Great Wall is the largest human-made structure ever built, its length (1) being over 6,400km and an average width of 6.5m. It is the largest man-made monument ever built and is the only one often said (and sometimes disputed!) (2) to be visible from space. The construction of the Great Wall was a steady and continuous development over 2,000 years. The Great Wall was built to link existing into a united defense system and keeps (3) invading nomadic Mongol tribes out of China. The Great Wall was built as a defensive fortification by three states: Yan, Zhao and Qin. The Great Wall went through constant extensions and repairs in later dynasties. Construction on the first section began between the 7th and 6th century BC, and the last work on the wall was done between the 14th and 17^th centuries.

2) In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great" wall until the Qin Dynasty. Emperor Qin Shihuang succeeded in his effort (4) to have the walls joined together to fend off invasions from in the north after China’s unification. However, the advantages of the enormous barrier faded with the arrival of gunpowder and other weaponry. In any case, the Great Wall has served as a monument of the Chinese nation throughout history.

3) The wall was originally built of stone, wood, grass and earth. Later, in the Ming Dynasty (1369-1644), the traditional earth walls disappeared and in a few decades had (5) to be rebuilt. The Walls that exist today were built in the 16th Century and are made from stone, and became elaborate structures with watch towers and crenellations. The bricks were transported by men (6) carrying them on their backs, donkeys, mules and even by goats with a brick tied to their head (7) being driven up a mountain.

4) It had a strategic geography and a single purpose to defend the agrarian culture in the south from the nomadic culture in the north. By the 17th Century the Ming had created a military frontier and a national boundary marked by a Great Wall. The Wall was (8) criticized for its immorality when hundreds of thousands of Chinese peasantry men were (9) sent away to build the walls, (10) laying one building block on top of another in an uninhabited region of the mountains, hundreds of miles from their homes, for months or even years at a time.

5) This immorality opposes the Wall’s embodiment of the Confucian values of peace and harmony, (11) endeavoring to prevent chaos; humaneness; and virtue. As a result the Wall became a negative symbol of oppression, cruelty, despotic rule and political failure. But now, despite the negativity within China, 20th Century Westerners are fascinated by this Wall as a “wonder of the world”.

6) Guafu Tower (or Widow Tower) is a square watchtower where it was said that during the Ming Dynasty twelve widows of frontier soldiers donated their pension and built this tower. Without the Great Wall, China could (12) have been conquered by the nomads as early as the Warring States period and the China that we know today may not (13) have existed.

7) Like a huge dragon, the Great Wall winds across plateaus, deserts, grasslands and mountains,(14) stretching some 6,700 km (4,163 miles) from East to West. Over the more than 2,000 years that the wall has been standing, some areas have (15) fallen apart or even disappeared. Yet, the remarkable architectural grandeur and historical significance still attract hundreds of thousands of tourists to the Great Wall every year.

№9 Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

1. What was the Great Wall built for?

2. What materials were used for the Great Wall in different times?

3. Why was the Great Wall considered to be immoral?

4. Why do many people today call the Great Wall one of the modern wonders of the world?

№10 Заполните пропуски в предложениях выделенными жирным шрифтом словами из текста и переведите предложения на русский язык. Измените форму слов, где необходимо:

1. Wool industry is of great ………… to the United Kingdom.

2. His ………… to explain the noise worried us.

3. Did you come to London for the ………… of seeing your family, or for business …………?

4. Just tell us the facts, don’t ………… on them.

5. He had the ………… of being born into a rich family.

6. India became ………… from Britain in 1947.

7. Among her many ………… are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.

8. This was an important stage in the country’s ………….

9. Hitler ………… Poland in 1939.

10. ……….. of peasants led to the rebellions against the dictator.

№11 Выпишите из текста слова, выделенные курсивом (1 – 15). Определите, какой неличной формой глагола (причастие, инфинитив, герундий) они являются. Назовите форму и функцию этих слов.

Тексты для дополнительного чтения.

Christ Redeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This Art Deco-style statue of Jesus, which was inaugurated in 1931, stands some 38 meters (125 ft) tall, atop the Corcovado (“hunchback”) mountain overlooking Rio de Janeiro. As well as being a potent symbol of Christianity, the statue has become an icon of the city and a symbol of the great warmth of the Brazilian people.

The idea for erecting a large statue on Corcovado started in the mid-1850s, when a Catholic priest, Dom Pedro Maria Boss, asked for financing for a large religious monument from Princess Isabel of Portugal. She was not interested and the idea died completely in 1889, when Brazil became a republic with laws about separating church and state.

The second proposal for a large landmark statue on the mountain came in 1921 from the Archdiocese of Rio de Janiero, which organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to collect donations from people all over Brazil.

Designed by the local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and created by French sculptor Paul Landowski, Christ Redeemer is one of the world’s best-known monuments. The statue, which took five years to build, is made out of reinforced concrete, with the outer layers made from soapstone because of this stone being easy to work with and resistant to extreme weather. The Corcovado Rack Railway played an important part in the building effort, as the only way to get the large pieces of the statue to the top of the mountain was by train.

One of the highlights of the inauguration ceremony on October 12, 1931 was supposed to be the activation of the lighting system by the Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi from his yacht far away in Naples, Italy. Bad weather, however, affected the strength of the signal and the lights had to be switched on manually by workers at Corcovado. On January 20, 2003, technology brought another change to the monument—panoramic elevators and escalators were inaugurated, so it is no longer necessary to climb up 220 steps to see the statue up close.

Machu Picchu, Peru

Around 1440, it is believed that the Pachacútec Yupanqui, the founder of the Inca Empire, built the city in the clouds known as Machu Picchu ("Old Mountain") in what is now Peru. This extraordinary settlement lies 2,350 m (7,710 ft) above sea level, deep in the Amazon jungle above the Urubamba River.

Forgotten for centuries by the outside world, Machu Picchu attracted international attention when it was rediscovered by the American archeologist Hiram Bingham in 1911. There are several different theories as to what Machu Picchu was: some believe it was the luxurious mausoleum (burial site) of Pachacútec, since there are remains of buildings that were covered with gold; others think that it was an Incan, a settlement built to both control the economy of the conquered regions and to protect the the top Incan aristocracy in the case of an attack.

Another theory expands on this idea, seeing Machu Picchu as a country retreat for Inca nobility. It may also have been used as an observatory and for astrological ceremonies. A maximum of 750 people probably lived in the “Lost City of the Incas” at once. It is said that the silhouette of the mountain range behind Machu Picchu represents the face of the Inca looking upward towards the sky, with the largest peak, Huayna Picchu (“young mountain”) representing his nose.

Machu Picchu had a large agricultural area—with practical crops, such as corn and coca, and orchids and other decorative plants, as well as what were probably living and religious sections. In the upper urban area, there is the famous intihuatana (“the hitching post of the sun”), a stone column rising from a stone block the size of a grand piano. This solar clock exactly shows the dates of the two equinoxes and other important celestial events. It is thought that, as the winter solstice neared, when the sun seemed to disappear more each day, priests would hold a ceremony to tie the sun to the stone to prevent the sun from disappearing completely.

Everything shows that Machu Picchu was quickly abandoned when the Spanish, fighting the rebellious Incas of Vilcabamba, went into Cuzco lands. But deadly smallpox was faster than the conquistadors, and 50 percent of the population had probably been killed by the disease by 1527. The Inca government began to fail, part of the empire seceded and it fell into civil war. So, by the time Pizarro, the Inca’s conqueror, arrived in Cuzco in 1532, Machu Picchu was probably already a ghost town.

Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply The Tower of Pisa is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. It is situated behind the Cathedral and it is the third structure in Pisa's Piazza del Duomo (Cathedral Square). Although intended to stand vertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173 due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shift direction.

The height of the tower is 55.86 m (183.27 ft) from the ground on the lowest side and 56.70 m (186.02 ft) on the highest side. The width of the walls at the base is 4.09 m (13.42 ft) and at the top 2.48 m (8.14 ft). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tones. The tower has 294 steps. The tower leans at an angle of 5.5 degrees. This means that the top of the tower is 4.5 meters from where it would stand if the tower was perfectly vertical.

The Tower of Pisa was a work of art, performed in three stages over a period of about 177 years. Construction of the first floor of the white marble campanile began on August 9, 1173, a period of military success and prosperity. This first floor is surrounded by pillars with classical capitals, leaning against blind arches.

There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa. For many years, the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-Century resident artist of Pisa, famous for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Bonanno Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to come back and die in his home town. His sarcophagus was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820. However recent studies seem to indicate Diotisalvi as the original architect, by construction affinities with his other works, like the Baptistery in Pisa.

The tower began to sink after construction progressed to the third floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-meter foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil. This means the design was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century, because the Pisans were almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. In 1198, clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction. In 1272, construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built higher floors with one side taller than the other. This made the tower begin to lean in the other direction. Because of this, the tower is actually curved. Construction was halted again in 1284, when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria.

The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was not finally added until 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell-chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical scale. The largest one was installed in 1655. After a phase (1990-2001) of structural strengthening, the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration, in order to repair visual damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly strong due to the tower's age and to its particular conditions with respect to wind and rain.

Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannon balls of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their descending speed was independent of their mass. This is considered an apocryphal tale, and the only source for it comes from Galileo's secretary. In 1934 Benito Mussolini ordered that the tower be returned to a vertical position, so concrete was poured into its foundation. However, the result was that the tower actually sank further into the soil. During World War II, the Allies discovered that the Nazis were using it as an observation post. A humble U.S. Army sergeant was briefly entrusted with the fate of the tower. His decision not to call in an artillery strike saved the edifice.

On February 27, 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the vital role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa. A multinational task force of engineers, mathematicians and historians was assigned and met on the Azores islands to discuss stabilization methods. After over two decades of work on the subject, the tower was closed to the public on 7 January 1990. While the tower was closed, the bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away. Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on December 15, 2001.

It was found that the lean was increasing due to the stonework expanding and contracting each day due to the heat of sunlight. This was working in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side. Many methods were proposed to stabilize the tower, including the addition of 800 metric tons of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base. The final solution to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten the tower to a safer angle, by removing 38 m³ of soil from underneath the raised end. Through this, the tower was straightened by 18 inches (45 centimeters), returning to the exact position that it was in 1838. The tower has been declared stable for at least another 300 years. In 1987, the tower was declared as part of the Piazza dei Miracoli UNESCO World Heritage Site along with neighboring cathedral, baptistery and cemetery.

Timbuktu, Mali

Founded in the 12th century, Timbuktu was one of the wealthiest places in the world, at the crossroads of four important caravan paths supplying the far-spread and powerful Arab world. One of world’s the first universities were founded here—the celebrated Islamic Sankore, where 20,000 students studied. Today, it remains a powerful myth and thus resembles an Ancient Wonder: the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

The name Timbuktu, “Buktu’s well,” may come from a Tuareg woman named Buktu who dug a well where the city grew. Tales of Timbuktu's wealth prompted European exploration of the west coast of Africa. “Timbuktu” is often used to describe a place very far away or that may not even exist. In reality, it is a city in Mali on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, about eight miles from the Niger River.

By the 14th century, Timbuktu had become a major trade center and a hub of Islamic scholarship and culture. When the emperor Mansa Musa went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, he changed European and Arab perceptions about western Africa. Stopping in Cairo, Musa gave away so much gold that the local money market crashed. He built the Great Mosque and hired the Granada architect Abu Ishaq as Sahil to design the Sankore mosque, around which Sankore University grew.

By the 1450s, some 100,000 people lived here—a quarter of whom were scholars, many having studied in Egypt or Mecca. The city reached its peak between 1403 and 1591, when North African merchants traded salt, cloth and horses for gold and slaves. Leo Africanus, a Muslim from Granada, wrote about his visit in 1526, fueling European interest in the "city of gold." In 1591, Morocco captured Timbuktu and soon arrested its scholars for being disloyal, killing some and exiling others. Even more devastating were the attacks by Bambara, Fulani, and Tuareg warriors, which the occupying Moroccan troops could not stop. In 1788, a group of Englishmen formed the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa, primarily to discover the source of the Niger and reach Timbuktu. Most famous of the failures was Mungo Park, who was robbed, tortured, and then drowned. In 1824, the Geographical Society of Paris offered a reward to the first European to visit Timbuktu and return alive. The Scottish explorer Gordon Laing succeeded in 1826, but was murdered two days after leaving the city. Timbuktu was captured in 1894 by the French, who partly restored the city. In 1960, it became part of the independent Republic of Mali.