Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
istoria_yazyka.doc
Скачиваний:
2
Добавлен:
01.03.2025
Размер:
588.29 Кб
Скачать

16. The development of personal pronouns in the history of English.

Personal Pronouns possessed (and still do) a very vivid Indo-European feature – suppletivity (i.e. they build their forms with the help of different roots (see also Lecture 4)).

Personal pronouns in OE changed in Gender, Number, Case, Person:

Pers.

Case

Number

Singular

Plural

Dual

1st

Nom

ic

wit

Gen

min

ūre

uncer

Dat

ūs

unc

Acc

mec/mē

ūsic

uncit

2nd

Nom

þu*

ζē*

ζit

Gen

þin

ēower

incer

Dat

þe

ēow*

inc

Acc

þec/þe

ēowic

incit

Pers.

Case

Gender, Number

M, Sg

F, Sg

N, Sg

Plural

3rd

Nom

hē*

hēo/hīo*

hit*

hēo/hīe*

Gen

his

hire

his

hira

Dat

him

hire

him

him

Acc

hine

hīe

hit

hēo/hīe

Later the following changes happened to the personal pronouns (some of them are marked with * in the table above so that one can trace the connection easily):

  1. Gender is still preserved (he, she, it) in ModE but is often denied by scholars because it is expressed lexically and practically has nothing to do with grammar.

  2. Cases: -In ME the Genitive Case turned into a new class of pronouns – Possessive Pronouns (e.g. ModE I (pers.) – mine (possess.); you – yours, he – his, she – her, etc.); -The Dative and the Accusative Cases fell together and formed the Objective Case. Thus in ME there were only two cases left in the personal pronouns – Nominative and Objective (e.g. ModE I (Nom) – me (Obj); he – him, she – her, etc.).

  3. Number.Dual forms disappeared in ME. In NE the category of Number disappeared in the 2nd person of the personal pronouns (see the explanation below).

  4. 3rd person.As far as in the Early ME many forms in the 3rd person coincided phonetically and often caused confusion and difficulties in communication, the following changes occurred:

Pers.

Gender

OE

Early ME

Late ME

Comments

3rd

M, Sg

he

he

preserved original form

F, Sg

hēo/hīo

he

she

As far as it coincided with M, Sg and Plural forms, a new word was found – derived from the demonstrative pronoun sēo (F, Sg, Nom) – to distinguish the forms.

N, Sg

hit

hit

it

preserved original form, lost initial [h]

Plural

hēo/hīe

he/hi

they

As far as it coincided with M, Sg and F, Sg forms, a new word was found – a Scandinavian borrowing – to distinguish the forms.

Pers.

Number

OE

ME

Comments

NE

2nd

Sg

þu

thou

Fell out of use due to the French etiquette (it forbade impolite “thou” form, so it was replaced with the polite “ēow” form).

ēow (Pl, Dat)(you)

Pl

ζē

ye

Coincided phonetically with  was dropped

T hus in NE the category of Number disappeared in the 2nd person of the personal pronouns.

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]