
- •1№ 1. Germanic languages: their history & classification
- •Table. The classification of old & modern Germanic languages.
- •2. The common features of germanic languages
- •In phonetics:
- •In grammar:
- •In lexis:
- •3. The chronological division of the history of English.
- •4 The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •5. Norman Conquest and its effect on English
- •6. The dialectial situation of english
- •Old English Dialects
- •7. Principal oe and me written records
- •8. Spelling changes in me
- •9. Oe sound system
- •Palatal Mutation/I-Umlaut
- •Velar Consonants in Early Old English. Growth of New Phonemes
- •10. Monophthongs in the history of english
- •Qualitative vowel changes in early middle english
- •11. Dipthongs
- •12.Consonant changes in the history of english.
- •Treatment of Fricative Consonants in me and Early ne
- •13. Form-building means in the histoey of english
- •14. Old english noun system
- •15. The Simplification of the Noun Declension in English
- •16. The development of personal pronouns in the history of English.
- •17 The Development of the Adjective
- •18.The development of demonstrative pronouns in the history of English .(Dem pron, their categories , declentions, the decay of declentions & gramm. Categ in Middle e, the rise of articles.)
- •19. The oe verb, its grammatical categories and morphological types.
- •Grammatical Categories oF the Finite Verb
- •20. Old English weak verbs and their further development
- •21. Strong verbs
- •22. Preterite-present and anomalous
- •23. Changes in the verb conjugation
- •25. Verbals in the history of English
- •Development of the Gerund
- •24. The rise of analytical forms in verbal system in me.
- •Category of Voice. Passive
- •Perfect Forms.
- •Interrogative and Negative Forms with do (ne)
- •26. Causes of Grammatical Changes
- •27. Oe syntax
- •28. English syntax.
- •29 Old English Vocabulary
- •30 Word-Formation in Old English
- •31. Borrowings Конспект French and Scandinavian Borrowings in English
16. The development of personal pronouns in the history of English.
Personal Pronouns possessed (and still do) a very vivid Indo-European feature – suppletivity (i.e. they build their forms with the help of different roots (see also Lecture 4)).
Personal pronouns in OE changed in Gender, Number, Case, Person:
-
Pers.
Case
Number
Singular
Plural
Dual
1st
Nom
ic
wē
wit
Gen
min
ūre
uncer
Dat
mē
ūs
unc
Acc
mec/mē
ūsic
uncit
2nd
Nom
þu*
ζē*
ζit
Gen
þin
ēower
incer
Dat
þe
ēow*
inc
Acc
þec/þe
ēowic
incit
Pers.
Case
Gender, Number
M, Sg
F, Sg
N, Sg
Plural
3rd
Nom
hē*
hēo/hīo*
hit*
hēo/hīe*
Gen
his
hire
his
hira
Dat
him
hire
him
him
Acc
hine
hīe
hit
hēo/hīe
Later the following changes happened to the personal pronouns (some of them are marked with * in the table above so that one can trace the connection easily):
Gender is still preserved (he, she, it) in ModE but is often denied by scholars because it is expressed lexically and practically has nothing to do with grammar.
Cases: -In ME the Genitive Case turned into a new class of pronouns – Possessive Pronouns (e.g. ModE I (pers.) – mine (possess.); you – yours, he – his, she – her, etc.); -The Dative and the Accusative Cases fell together and formed the Objective Case. Thus in ME there were only two cases left in the personal pronouns – Nominative and Objective (e.g. ModE I (Nom) – me (Obj); he – him, she – her, etc.).
Number.Dual forms disappeared in ME. In NE the category of Number disappeared in the 2nd person of the personal pronouns (see the explanation below).
3rd person.As far as in the Early ME many forms in the 3rd person coincided phonetically and often caused confusion and difficulties in communication, the following changes occurred:
Pers. |
Gender |
OE |
Early ME |
Late ME |
Comments |
3rd |
M, Sg |
hē |
he |
he |
preserved original form |
F, Sg |
hēo/hīo |
he |
she |
As far as it coincided with M, Sg and Plural forms, a new word was found – derived from the demonstrative pronoun sēo (F, Sg, Nom) – to distinguish the forms. |
|
N, Sg |
hit |
hit |
it |
preserved original form, lost initial [h] |
|
Plural |
hēo/hīe |
he/hi |
they |
As far as it coincided with M, Sg and F, Sg forms, a new word was found – a Scandinavian borrowing – to distinguish the forms. |
Pers. |
Number |
OE |
ME |
Comments |
NE |
2nd |
Sg |
þu |
thou |
Fell out of use due to the French etiquette (it forbade impolite “thou” form, so it was replaced with the polite “ēow” form). |
ēow (Pl, Dat)(you) |
Pl |
ζē |
ye |
Coincided phonetically with wē was dropped |
T hus in NE the category of Number disappeared in the 2nd person of the personal pronouns.