- •Introduction
- •Lecture 1. What a translator is and what a translator does
- •1.1. Notes on the Profession
- •1.2. Translator and Interpreter
- •1.3. Bilingualism
- •1.4. The Education of a Translator
- •1.5. Process and Result of Translation
- •1.6. Materials for Translation
- •Lecture 2. The role of the translator
- •2.1. The Qualities Each Translator/Interpreter Possesses
- •2.2. Don’ts of a Translator/Interpreter
- •2.3. What an English-speaking Client Expects of His Interpreter
- •2.4. Another Glimpse into the Future
- •2.5. Comparison with other Professions
- •2.6. The Five Year Itch
- •2.7. Industry Trends
- •2.8. The Last Word about the Profession
- •Lecture 3. The basic principles of the translation theory
- •3.1. Translation Theory as a Theory of Transformations
- •3.2. Problem of Non-translation
- •3.3. Extralinguistic Factor
- •3.4. The Subject Matter
- •3.5. Machine Translation
- •Lecture 4. Units of translation
- •4.1. Classification of Translation Units
- •4.2. Level of Intonation
- •4.3. Translation on the Level of Phonemes (Graphemes)
- •Lecture 5. Translation on the level of morphemes
- •5.1. Morpheme as a Unit of Translation
- •5.2. Some Insights into How to Become Word-conscious
- •5.3. Latin and Greek Prefixes
- •5.4. Latin Roots
- •5.5. Latin and Greek Borrowings in English
- •5.6. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Roots
- •5.7. Latin Roots in English
- •Lecture 6. Translation on the level of words
- •6.1. Examples of Translating on the Level of Words
- •6.2. Category of Gender in English and Ukrainian
- •Sonnet 66
- •Sonnet 40
- •Sonnet 58
- •Сонет 40
- •Сонет 58
- •Lecture 7. Singular and plural of nouns as a translation problem
- •7.1. Peculiarities of Singular and Plural in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
- •7.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
- •7.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
- •7.5. Grammatical Disagreement of Singular and Plural of Nouns in English and Ukrainian
- •Lecture 8. The problem of translating articles and pronouns
- •8.1. Translation of Indefinite Articles
- •8.2. The Problem of Translating Pronouns
- •Lecture 9. “false friends of the interpreter”
- •9.1. Interpenetration of Words in Different Languages
- •9.2. Mistakes in Translation Related to Differences in Realia
- •9.3. Interlingual Homonymy and Paronymy
- •9.4. Examples of Translating Newspaper Clichés
- •9.5. Semantic Peculiarities of Medical Terms
- •Lecture 10. Translation on the level of word combinations
- •10.1. Problems of Translating Idioms
- •10.2. Etymology of Idioms: Weird History
- •Lecture 11. Translation on the level of sentence and text
- •11.1. Translation of Clichés and Formulas
- •11.2. Types of Proverbs and Their Translation
- •11.3. Translation on the Level of Text
- •Список літератури
7.2. Plural of Compound Nouns
In compound nouns, written through dash, the form of plural is usually taken by the word basic in meaning:
custom-house митниця custom-houses
man-of-war військовий корабель men-of-war
hotel-keeper хазяїн готелю hotel-keepers
mother-in-law теща, свекруха mothers-in-law
passer-by перехожий passers-by
If the words man or woman are the first in such a word, both words assume plural:
man-servant слуга men-servants
woman-doctor жінка-лікар women-doctors
Compound nouns, written together, form plural in the second word:
schoolboy школяр schoolboys
housewife домашня хазяйка housewives
postman поштар postmen
7.3. Nouns Used Only in Singular
Uncountable nouns, as a rule, are used only in singular the same way as in Ukrainian:
sugar - цукор, iron - залізо, love - любов, friendship - дружба.
Nouns advice порада, поради, information інформація, повідомлення, дані, progress успіх, успіхи, knowledge знання (укр.), знание, знания (рос.) are used only in singular, but in Ukrainian and Russian the corresponding nouns can be used both in singular and plural:
Не gave me some good advice. Він дав мені декілька гарних порад.
We have very little information on this subject. У нас дуже мало даних щодо цього.
I am satisfied with your progress. Я задоволений вашими успіхами.
Noun news новина, новини is used with the meaning of singular, though it has the form of plural:
What is the news? Які новини?
The names of sciences that have ending -ics (mathematics, physics, phonetics, linguistics, etc.), are used with the meaning of singular, though they have the form of plural:
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics. Фонетика — розділ лінгвістики.
Mathematics forms the basis of many other sciences. Математика складає основу багатьох інших наук.
Nouns money гроші and hair волосся are used only in singular, meanwhile in Ukrainian and Russian the corresponding nouns are used only in plural:
Her hair is dark. У нее темные волосы.
This money belongs to him. Ці гроші належать йому.
Noun fruit фрукти is used in singular:
Fruit is cheap in summer. Фрукти дешевші влітку.
We eat a great deal of fruit. Ми їмо багато фруктів.
Though for denoting different kinds of fruit the plural form fruits is used:
On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits. На столі лежать яблука, сливи та інші фрукти (види фруктів).
7.4. Nouns Used Only in Plural
Names of many even objects are used, the same way as in Ukrainian and Russian, only in plural: scissors ножиці, trousers брюки, spectacles окуляри, scales терези, tongs щипці:
These scissors are very sharp. Ці ножиці дуже гострі.
Your trousers are too long. Ваші брюки надто довгі.
Where are my spectacles? Де мої окуляри?
The following nouns, in comparison with Russian, are used only in plural: goods товар, товари; contents зміст, clothes одяг; proceeds виторг; wages заробітна плата; riches багатство, багатства:
These goods have arrived from St.-Petersburg. Ці товари прибули із Санкт-Петербургу.
The contents of the letter have not been changed. Зміст листа не був змінений.
His clothes were wet as he had been caught in the rain. Його одяг був мокрим, оскільки він попав під дощ.
The proceeds of the sale of the goods have been transferred to Moscow. Виторг від продажу товарів було переведено в Москву.