- •Introduction
- •Lecture 12: Problems of Translating Idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Lecture 13: Phrasal Verbs and Common English phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Lecture 14: Slang as a Problem of Translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Lecture 15:Extra-linguistic Factor (Background Knowledge)
- •Lecture 16: Translation on the Level of Phonemes
- •16.1. Original English Names on the Map of the usa
- •16.2. Influence of Indian Names
- •16.3. The Dutch Place-names in the United States
- •16.4. French Place-names
- •16.5. Spanish Place-names
- •16.6. Telescope Coinages on the Map of the usa
- •16.7. Ways of Translating European Geographical Names
- •16.8. Latin in the Names of Canadian towns
- •16.9. Names Including the Word “New”: Gender and Translation Issues
- •Lecture 17: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •17.1. Replacing Word Forms
- •17.2. Replacing Parts of Speech
- •17.2.1. Pronominalization
- •17.2.2. Noun is transformed into Verb:
- •17.2.3. Adjective is transformed into Noun:
- •17.3. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •17.4. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •17.5. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •17.6. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •17.7. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Lecture 18: Lexical Replacements
- •18.1. Concretization
- •18.2. Generalization
- •18.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Visa Versa
- •18.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Lecture 19. Lexical Replacements (continued)
- •19.1. Compensation
- •19.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •19.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Lecture 20: Pragmatics of Translation
- •Lecture 21: Lexical Problems of translation
- •21.1. Handling Context-bound Words
- •21.2. Handling Equivalent-lacking Words
- •Lecture 22: Handling Translator’s False Friends
- •Lecture 23: Collocational Aspects of Translation
- •23.1. Handling Attributive Groups
- •23.2. Phrasal Units as a Problem of Translation
- •Lecture 24: Stylistic Aspects of translation
- •24.1. Stylistically-marked Language Units
- •24.3. Handling Stylistic Devices
- •Literature
18.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Visa Versa
In the translation process there are lexical replacements, based on cause-effect relations between notions. Thus, word or word combination of SL may be replaced in translation by a word or word combination of TL, which by its logical relations denotes the cause of action or condition denoted by a translated unit of SL. This transformation presupposes semantic and logical analysis of the situation described in the text and consists in semantic development of this situation (in Ukrainian the transformation is called “значеннєвий (змістовий) розвиток”. If the situation is developed correctly, i.e. if the original and translated utterances are semantically connected as cause and effect, the transformation helps to render sense and observe the norms of TL:
Mr. Kelada’s brushes… would have been all the better for a scrub (S.Maugham).
Щітки містера Келади… не відзначались чистотою.
It may seem that the translation “не відзначали чистотою” somewhat deviates from the original “would have been all the better for a scrub”. However, the literal translation “були б набагато кращими від чищення” is clumsy while “не відзначались чистотою” is quite acceptable stylistically and renders the idea quite correctly: why would they have been all the better for a scrub? Because they “не відзначались чистотою”. The example illustrates substitution of effect by cause: the English sentence names the effect while the Ukrainian variant names its cause. The opposite situation may also occur – when the cause is substituted by effect:
I not only shared a cabin with him and ate three meals a day at the same table… (S.Maughm)
…тричі на день зустрічався з ним за одним столом…
Three long years had passed… since I had tasted ale… (Mark Twain)
Цілих три роки я не брав у рот пива…
In these examples the English sentences name the cause while the Ukrainian versions contain the effect (I ate three meals a day at the same table with him, so “Я тричі на день зустрічався з ним за одним столом”; three long years had passed since I tasted ale, so “Цілих три роки я не брав у рот пива”).
Here are some other examples:
I don’t blame them. (наслідок) |
Я їх розумію. (причина) Я їх не звинувачую, тому що я їх розумію. |
He’s dead now. |
Він помер (він помер, отже, він зараз мертвий). |
And they probably came to Pencey that way. |
Вони такими були й до школи (були такими до школи, отже, такими прийшли до школи). |
He always made you say everything twice. |
Він завжди перепитував. (Ви були змушені повторювати сказане, тому що він вас перепитував). |
A lot of schools were home for vacation already. |
У багатьох пансіонах і коледжах уже почались канікули (Почались канікули, тому школярі вже були вдома). |
Maugham “Before the Party” ... If a client went to him with some trouble that was not quite nice, Mr. Skinner would look grave. |
... Якщо клієнт розповідав йому обставини, які могли здатися непристойними, містер Скіннер заклопотано насуплював брови. (Насуплював брови, тому мав похмурий вигляд). |
Below there are examples of inverse replacement of Cause into Effect:
“Have a seat there, boy”, old Spencer said. He meant the bed. |
— Сідай он туди, хлопчику, — сказав старий Спенсер. Він показав на ліжко (Показав, тому що мав його на увазі). |
He was the kind of guy that hates to answer you right away. |
Такі, як він, зразу не відповідають (Не відповідають, тому що не люблять робити цього). |
