- •Introduction
- •Lecture 12: Problems of Translating Idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Lecture 13: Phrasal Verbs and Common English phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Lecture 14: Slang as a Problem of Translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Lecture 15:Extra-linguistic Factor (Background Knowledge)
- •Lecture 16: Translation on the Level of Phonemes
- •16.1. Original English Names on the Map of the usa
- •16.2. Influence of Indian Names
- •16.3. The Dutch Place-names in the United States
- •16.4. French Place-names
- •16.5. Spanish Place-names
- •16.6. Telescope Coinages on the Map of the usa
- •16.7. Ways of Translating European Geographical Names
- •16.8. Latin in the Names of Canadian towns
- •16.9. Names Including the Word “New”: Gender and Translation Issues
- •Lecture 17: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •17.1. Replacing Word Forms
- •17.2. Replacing Parts of Speech
- •17.2.1. Pronominalization
- •17.2.2. Noun is transformed into Verb:
- •17.2.3. Adjective is transformed into Noun:
- •17.3. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •17.4. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •17.5. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •17.6. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •17.7. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Lecture 18: Lexical Replacements
- •18.1. Concretization
- •18.2. Generalization
- •18.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Visa Versa
- •18.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Lecture 19. Lexical Replacements (continued)
- •19.1. Compensation
- •19.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •19.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Lecture 20: Pragmatics of Translation
- •Lecture 21: Lexical Problems of translation
- •21.1. Handling Context-bound Words
- •21.2. Handling Equivalent-lacking Words
- •Lecture 22: Handling Translator’s False Friends
- •Lecture 23: Collocational Aspects of Translation
- •23.1. Handling Attributive Groups
- •23.2. Phrasal Units as a Problem of Translation
- •Lecture 24: Stylistic Aspects of translation
- •24.1. Stylistically-marked Language Units
- •24.3. Handling Stylistic Devices
- •Literature
Lecture 17: replacements as a type of translational transformations
17.1. Replacing Word Forms
The examples of replacements of grammatical word forms in the translation process happens very often. We change the number of nouns, tense of verbs, etc.:
They used to dry cherries and soak them and pickle them, and make jam of them…
Вишню висушували, замочували, закривали, варення варили…
We’re leaving tomorrow (Present Continuous).
Ми поїдемо завтра (майбутній час).
17.2. Replacing Parts of Speech
17.2.1. Pronominalization
This type of replacement is rather widespread. Its simplest type is the so called “pronominalization”, or replacement of noun by a pronoun:
Спочатку він висів у кімнаті діда, проте скоро дід прогнав його до нас на мансарду, тому що шпак навчився дражнити дідуся… (М. Горький). |
At first the bird hung in my grandfather’s room, but soon he outlawed it to our attic, because it began to imitate him… |
“I took possession of his effects after his death”, I explained. “They were done up in a parcel and I was directed to give them to you” (S.Maugham, A Casual Affair). |
– Все, що залишилось від нього після смерті, віддали мені, –пояснила я. – Листи й портсигар були зв’язані в пакет. На ньому було написано: передати леді Кастеллан, особисто. |
Here the concretization of pronouns they and you is fulfilled on the basis of a broad context data:
I took the parcel… Inside was another wrapping, and on this, in a neat, well-educated writing… Please deliver personally to the Viscountess Kastellan… The first thing I found was a gold and platinum cigarette case… Besides the cigarette-case there was nothing but a bundle of letters.
17.2.2. Noun is transformed into Verb:
I m a very good golfer. |
Я дуже гарно граю в гольф. |
I’m a very light eater. |
Я дуже мало їм. |
The funny part was, though, we were the worst skaters on the whole goddam rink. |
Але найсмішніше те, що на всій тій клятій ковзанці ми катались гірше за всіх. |
Naturally, I never told him I thought he was a terrific whistler. |
Звісно, я йому ніколи не казав, що він чудово свище. |
...He was a pretty heavy drinker. |
…Він пив як кінь. |
17.2.3. Adjective is transformed into Noun:
Australian prosperity was followed by a slump. |
Після економічного розквіту в Австралії настала криза. |
The British Government |
уряд Англії |
The American decision |
рішення США |
The Congolese Embassy |
посольство Конго |
English adjectives in the comparative degree when translated into Ukrainian may be replaced by verbal nouns with the meaning of increasing (growing) or decreasing the volume, size or degree (the type of increasing, decreasing, rising, decline, reduction, etc.):
The stoppage, which is in support of higher pay and shorter working hours, began on Monday. |
Забастовка, учасники якої ви-магають підвищення заробіт-ної платні й скорочення робочо-го дня, почалась у понеділок. |
In translation adjectives can be also replaced by the group “adjective + noun”, if they are used in attributive function:
You always got these very lumpy mashed potatoes... |
До них завжди подавали картопляне пюре з грудочками. |
Adjective in predicative function (with link-verb be or another) is often replaced by the verb: to be glad — радіти, to be angry — сердитись, to be silent — мовчати:
I was really glad to see him. |
Я зрадів, побачивши його. |
He was too conceited. |
Надто він хизується. |
Replacements of speech parts are often accompanied by the replacements of the sentence members, i.e. by restructuring the syntactical structure of a sentence.