- •Introduction
- •Lecture 12: Problems of Translating Idioms
- •12.1. Idiom as a Stylistic Device
- •12.2. Grammatical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.3. Syntactical Peculiarities of Idioms
- •12.4. Classes of Idioms
- •Lecture 13: Phrasal Verbs and Common English phrases
- •13.1. Phrasal Verbs
- •13.2. Common English Phrases
- •Lecture 14: Slang as a Problem of Translation
- •14.1. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang
- •14.2. Primary and Secondary Slang
- •14.3. Individual Psychology of Slang
- •Lecture 15:Extra-linguistic Factor (Background Knowledge)
- •Lecture 16: Translation on the Level of Phonemes
- •16.1. Original English Names on the Map of the usa
- •16.2. Influence of Indian Names
- •16.3. The Dutch Place-names in the United States
- •16.4. French Place-names
- •16.5. Spanish Place-names
- •16.6. Telescope Coinages on the Map of the usa
- •16.7. Ways of Translating European Geographical Names
- •16.8. Latin in the Names of Canadian towns
- •16.9. Names Including the Word “New”: Gender and Translation Issues
- •Lecture 17: replacements as a type of translational transformations
- •17.1. Replacing Word Forms
- •17.2. Replacing Parts of Speech
- •17.2.1. Pronominalization
- •17.2.2. Noun is transformed into Verb:
- •17.2.3. Adjective is transformed into Noun:
- •17.3. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
- •17.4. Syntactical Replacements in a Compound Sentence
- •17.5. Replacement of a Main Sentence by a Subordinate One and Visa Versa
- •17.6. Replacement of Subordination by Coordination and Visa Versa
- •17.7. Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton
- •Lecture 18: Lexical Replacements
- •18.1. Concretization
- •18.2. Generalization
- •18.3. Replacement of Effect by Cause and Visa Versa
- •18.4. Antonymic Translation
- •Lecture 19. Lexical Replacements (continued)
- •19.1. Compensation
- •19.2. Addition as a Translation Problem
- •19.3. Omission as a Translation Problem
- •Lecture 20: Pragmatics of Translation
- •Lecture 21: Lexical Problems of translation
- •21.1. Handling Context-bound Words
- •21.2. Handling Equivalent-lacking Words
- •Lecture 22: Handling Translator’s False Friends
- •Lecture 23: Collocational Aspects of Translation
- •23.1. Handling Attributive Groups
- •23.2. Phrasal Units as a Problem of Translation
- •Lecture 24: Stylistic Aspects of translation
- •24.1. Stylistically-marked Language Units
- •24.3. Handling Stylistic Devices
- •Literature
17.3. Replacements of the Sentence Members (Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)
In translation passive construction is transformed in active one:
He was met by his sister. |
Його зустріла сестра. |
He was given money. |
Йому дали грошей. |
I was offered another post. |
Мені запропонували нову посаду. |
Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak-room. |
Відвідувачів просять залишати верхній одяг в гардеробі. |
The door was opened by a middle-aged Chinese woman. |
Двері нам відчинила немолода китаянка. |
2) Subject of English sentence in translation into Ukrainian is replaced by Object:
The last week has seen an intensification of the diplomatic activity. |
Минулого тижня спостері-галась активізація дипломатич-ної діяльності. |
The eight years from 1963 through 1970 saw the publication of eight relatively full treatments of the subject. |
Протягом восьми років, з 1963 до 1970-го, було опубліковано ві-сім робіт, що дають відносно ви-черпне висвітлення цієї проблеми. |
This phrase with the verb see (which is deprived of specific lexical meaning and denotes here only the fact of existence of this or that event or phenomenon is rather typical for English press. Compare: 1973 saw... в 1973 році, the next week will see... наступного тижня, Tonight sees... — сьогодні ввечері, etc.
English verbal nouns like publication, beginning, renewal, performance, etc., usually used as objects of the verb see, in Ukrainian translation are transformed into verbal predicate: було опубліковано, почалось, відновилось, було виконано, etc.
Analogous transformation also takes place in other cases, when English subject (“theme”), which stands in the beginning of a sentence, expresses these or those meanings of adverbial modifier. Thus, it’s not rare that in Ukrainian translation English subject is replaced by the adverbial modifier of place:
The little town of Clay Cross today witnessed a massive demonstration (MS). |
Сьогодні в невеличкому містечку Клей-Крос відбулася масова демонстрація. |
...the room was too damn hot. (Sal.) |
У кімнаті було нестерпно спекотно. |
In the last example the replacement of parts of speech also takes place — adjective hot is transformed into a noun спека.
Analogous syntactical transformation is observed in translating the following constructions, typical of English press into Ukrainian:
The communique says... в комюніке говориться;
The resolution declares — в резолюції сказано;
The note strongly protests — в ноті висловлено рішучий протест.
The memorandum accuses the present government with violations which include the rigging of elections.
У меморандумі нинішній уряд звинувачено в низці порушень законності, у тому числі й у фальсифікації результатів президентських перегонів.
The same types of phrases are often met in the texts of scientific style:
Chapter 8 discusses some general considerations with regard to semantic structure (W. Chafe, Meaning and Structure of Language). |
У розділі 8 висловлено деякі загальні думки стосовно семантичної структури. |
Fig. 50 shows diagrammatically a single-phase induction wattmeter. |
На рис. 50 зображена схема одно-фазного індукційного ватметра. (Тут також відбувається заміна частин мови — прислівника “dia-grammatically” на іменник схема). |
The given examples of replacing the English subject by Ukrainian adverbial modifier, is characteristic of translation of the newspaper-informational texts:
The careful reconstruction of the last years has unearthed many historic treasures (MS). |
У ході старанної реставрації, яка проводилась протягом останніх років, були знайдені численні історичні цінності. |
Military operations carried out by them in some cases have involved whole divisions. |
У військових операціях, які проводились ними, іноді брали участь цілі дивізії. |
It’s not rare when the Ukrainian adverbial modifier has here the meaning of cause, e.g.:
The crash killed 106 people.
Внаслідок авіаційної катастрофи загинуло 106 осіб.
Surely this type of syntactical transformation is also “reversible”, i.e. in translating from Ukrainian into English the opposite process - replacing adverbial modifier by subject, followed by other replacements needed, takes place:
У його скринях лежало безліч незвичайного вбрання... (Горький. Дитинство). |
His trunks were full of many extraordinary costumes... |
After dinner they talked long and quietly (S. Maugham. Before the Party). |
Після обіду між ними відбулася довга щира розмова. |
Grammatical norm of Ukrainian fully allow maintaining the structure of the source sentence: Після обіду вони довго й щиро розмовляли, though the first variant is much more acceptable from the stylistic point of view.