3. Standardization and certification of products

Standardization is an activity of establishing regulations for general and constant use concerning existing or potential problems in order to achieve the optimal level of regulation in a particular area, which results in increasing the degree of conformity of products, processes and services to their functions, eliminating barriers in trade and promoting scientific and technological cooperation.

The purpose of standardization in Ukraine is to ensure rational use of natural resources, correspondence of standardization objects to their functions, informing consumers about the quality of products, processes and services to support the development and international competitiveness of production and trade of goods and services.

State policy in the sphere of standardization is based on the following principles:

• ensure the participation of individuals and entities in development of standards and free choice of types of standards in the production or supply of products, unless otherwise is required by law;

• transparency and openness of development and adoption of standards, taking into account the interests of all stakeholders, improve the competitiveness of domestic producers;

• accessibility of standards and users information on them;

• compliance of standards to legislation;

• adaptation to modern science and technology taking into account development of national economy;

• the priority of direct introduction in Ukraine of international and regional standards;

• compliance with international and European rules and procedures of standardization

• participation in international (regional) standardization.

Results of standardization are reflected in the normative standards of technical documentation (standards, specifications).

Standard is a document that includes obligatory norms for manufacturers on quality of product standards and ways of achieving them (a set of quality indicators, the level of each of them, methods of measuring, testing, labeling, packaging, transportation, storage). Standards are developed for homogeneous groups of products.

Standard categories are the following:

1. International

2. National

3. Branch

4. Enterprise standards

Certification is a documental confirmation of the highest quality of products and its compliance with international standards - ISO 9000.

There are two types of certification in Ukraine:

1. Voluntary (by an initiative of companies);

2. Obligatory (is made exclusively by public management systems and includes checking and testing of products to determine its characteristics).

The organizational structure for certification in Ukraine is the State Committee in sphere of certification.

4. State supervision of internal economic and technical quality control of products

The most important methods of ensuring the required quality is state supervision and internal technical control quality.

The main duties of state control (supervision) are:

• determination of principles, structure and rules of certification;

• determination of list of products, which are subjects to mandatory certification;

• accreditation of certification bodies, testing laboratories, and experts;

• establishment of rules of other countries certificates recognition;

• constant consumers informing through the network on standards of different categories, testing centers and classifiers.

In Ukraine, the system of penalties is provided, that is the responsibility of business entities for violations of products quality standards.

Internal technical control - a permanent ensure of consistent quality of products by direct inspection of each product and direct impact on the conditions and factors, which ensure products quality.

The objects of internal control are all the technical stages of production cycle of commercial enterprise:

• input of initial materials (resources, materials, tools, labor, technical documentation, etc. are controlled)

• production process (manufacturing technology is controlled);

• output (finished products are controlled).

Classification of methods of internal technical control of the company:

1. By type of organizational structure:

1.1. Integral;

1.2. Selective;

1.3. Statistical (based on the application of probability theory and mathematical statistics);

1.4. Unforeseen (without notice);

1.5. Inspectional (scheduled quality control by critical signal);

2. By the nature of controlled operations:

2.1. Visual;

2.2. Geometric;

2.3. Laboratory analysis;

2.4. Proof tests;

3. By an impact on ongoing technological processes:

3.1. Active (control directly during the technological process by means of special control devices, embedded into the technical equipment such as automatic indicators);

3.2. Passive;

4. By applied control methods:

4.1. Automated (control is realized at all stages through the use of automatic devices (robots) without human intervention);

4.2. Mechanized;

4.3. Manual;

5. By place of realization:

5.1. Stationary (control in laboratories);

5.2. Variable (is held at workplaces by performers themselves or by technical control controllers).