- •American Emblems and Symbols
- •American Character
- •Geographical position
- •Early America
- •The First Europeans
- •First European settlements
- •English-American Relationship
- •The Wars
- •A New Colonial System
- •The War for Independence
- •The New Nation
- •Frontier
- •The Mexican War
- •The Civil War
- •Radical reconstruction
- •19Th-20th centuries
- •World War I
- •The New Deal
- •World War II
- •Pearl Harbor
- •Postwar America
- •Civil Rights Movement
- •Kennedy and the New Frontier
- •Cuban crisis
- •The Vietnam War
- •Watergate
- •Iran-Contra and Black Monday
- •The Gulf War
- •Panama and nafta
- •XXI century
- •The System of Government in the usa
- •American Constitution
- •Elections of the President
- •The President at Work
- •Vice-President
- •Parties and Elections
- •The parties
- •How Government Works
- •State Governments
- •Economy
- •Crime and punishment
- •Religion
- •Education
- •Mass Media
- •The Arts
- •American music
- •Appendix
- •American states New England
- •Midwest
- •Great Plains
- •Mountain
- •Southwest
- •Pacific
- •The anthem
- •The Enduring Mystery Of The Anasazi
- •Early Men, Indians And The Mound Builders
- •Tribes of Native Americans
- •Christopher Columbus
- •Jamestown
- •Massachusetts
- •Native Americans
- •The Iroquois Confederacy
- •Great Native Americans
- •Boston Tea Party Take your tea and shove it.
- •George Washington
- •“First in war, first in peace”, George Washington is the best known and the most honoured individual in America’s history.
- •John Adams
- •Thomas Jefferson
- •Early presidential elections and Congressional caucuses
- •Slavery and the War
- •John Brown (1800-1859) Harriet Tubman (c. 1820-1913)
- •John Brown’s Last Speech November 2, 1859
- •The Gettysburg Address
- •Abraham Lincoln
- •Robert Edward Lee
- •Ulysses s. Grant
- •William Tecumseh Sherman
- •Reconstruction
- •The First Sioux War
- •The Last Sioux War
- •The Nez Perce War
- •The Ghost Dance
- •Theodore Roosevelt
- •Prohibition
- •Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- •Eleanor Roosevelt
- •The Fair Deal
- •The Korean War
- •Civil Rights Movement
- •Martin Luther King, Jr.
- •I Have a Dream
- •The Ghetto Riots
- •The Cuban Missile Crisis
- •The Vietnam War
- •The Hostage Crisis
- •Manhattan Project Bomb Design
- •"Fat Man" - The Plutonium Bomb
- •Time Magazine:
- •Division of Powers
- •The Ivy League
- •Holidays
Manhattan Project Bomb Design
"Little Boy" - The Uranium Bomb
"Fat Man" - The Plutonium Bomb
The Manhattan Project yielded three atomic bombs. The first bomb was known as "Gadget" and was a test model of the plutonium bomb because its design was more complicated. The next bomb was known as "Little Boy" which was a uranium bomb and was used in warfare over the city of Hiroshima. The uranium bomb did not have a test model because it was a very simple design and because there was not enough uranium to produce two bombs. The last bomb was known as "Fat Man" which was the same design as the "Gadget" but was actually used in warfare over the city of Nagasaki.
After years of hard work and theoretical calculations, the scientists were ready to see if their bomb would work. The scientists were confident that the uranium bomb would work; however, there were too many unknowns in the plutonium bomb. The biggest question came from the implosion, would the bomb work or would it be a dud?
Planning for the event began almost eight months prior. The first step was to find a suitable test site. Many sites were considered, but at last an isolated section of land near Alamogordo, New Mexico was selected. The valley, between the Rio Grande River and the Sierra Oscura mountains, was called the Jornada del Muerto.
"The explosion was equivalent to about 20,000 tons of TNT." Over a hundred thousand photographs were taken of the explosion to guarantee its documentation that proved that the explosion was equivalent to about 20,000 tons of TNT.
The land under the explosion was divided into section of destructiveness. Up to half a mile radius from the hypocenter was called the vaporization point (98% fatalities, bodies were either missing or burned beyond recognition). Everything is destroyed in this area. Temperatures almost immediately rise to 3000° to 4000° C. Up to a 1 mile radius was called the total destruction zone (90% fatalities). All the buildings above ground were destroyed. Up to a 1.75 mile radius was called the severe blast damage area (65% fatalities, 30% injuries). Large structures collapsed and damage was done to bridges and roads. Rivers were even known to flow counter-current. Up to a 2.5 mile radius was known as the severe heat damage area (50% fatalities, 45% injuries). Everything in this area had some kind of burn damage. Most of the people killed in this area were suffocated because the oxygen was used up by the fires. Up to a 3 mile radius was known as severe fire and wind damage areas (15% fatalities, 50% injuries). Homes and other buildings are damaged. People were blown around and suffered 2nd and 3rd degree burns, if they survived. The power of the bombs was inhumane and questionable.
Time Magazine:
Gulf Wars I and II
A comparison of the two wars between the U.S. and Iraq
|
GULF WAR I |
GULF WAR II
|
OBJECTIVES
|
Liberate Kuwait. Repel occupying Iraqi forces. Contain Saddam Hussein. Secure Gulf oil. |
Regime Change. Serve notice that the U.S. will use its military to meet its policy goals |
DEPLOYMENT |
450,000 troops mainly from the U.S., Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, France, Egypt and Syria. |
250,000 troops from the U.S. and Britain with help from Australia and Poland
|
COALITION |
30 countries provided men and materials; 18 humanitarian aid. |
The Willing. U.S. claims more than 40 allies; most are willing to just watch.
|
STRATEGY |
Air power first. A 30-day air blitz erases Iraqi military and civilian infrastructure. A massive, multiprong ground assault follows. |
All out, accurate, omnipotent. Precise air attack erases Iraqi and on current ground attacks from South and West.
|
TECHNOLOGY |
Old and new. Stealth B-117s and cruise missiles to bomb Baghdad, vintage B-52s to carpet bomb Iraqi troops. Superior armor (M1A1 tanks) invulnerable to Soviet-made Iraqi tanks. |
Digitized weaponry. Satellite aimed, and more lethal.
|
NONMILITARY TASKS |
Rebuild Kuwait. Send in the firemen to restore its oil flow. Send in the Fortune 500 to rebuild the economy. Get Saudis and others to foot the bills. Create U.N. inspection teams to make certain the Iraqi threat is neutralized. |
Establish a democratic government in Iraq that would serve as a model for other Middle East regimes. Restart the Israeli-Palestinian peace process to ease Arab anger over the war. Keep Iraq's Kurds from starting a war for independence. Enlist the U.N. and other governments to rebuild Iraq's infrastructure and oil economy. |
The 50 States |
|
Alabama (AL) Alaska (AK) Arizona (AZ) Arkansas (AR) California (CA) Colorado (CO) Connecticut (CT) Delaware (DE) Florida (FL) Georgia (GA) Hawaii (HI) Idaho (ID) Illinois (IL) Indiana (IN) Iowa (IA) Kansas (KS) Kentucky (KY) Louisiana (LA) Maine (ME) Maryland (MD) Massachusetts (MA) Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN) Mississippi (MS) Missouri (MO) |
Montana (MT) Nebraska (NE) Nevada (NV) New Hampshire (NH) New Jersey (NJ) New Mexico (NM) New York (NY) North Carolina (NC) North Dakota (ND) Ohio (OH) Oklahoma (OK) Oregon (OR) Pennsylvania (PA) Rhode Island (RI) South Carolina (SC) South Dakota (SD) Tennessee (TN) Texas (TX) Utah (UT) Vermont (VT) Virginia (VA) Washington (WA) West Virginia (WV) Wisconsin (WI) Wyoming (WY) |
U.S. Territories & Outlying Areas |
|
American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands |
Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands |