Unit 1 what is an emergency situation?

Add the transcription and translation to the words without:

emergency injury urgent mitigation aftermath cause disaster earthquake ['ə:θkweIk] tsunami [tsu'nɑ:mI] hurricane ['hΛrIkən] flood [flΛd] eruption volcano [vɔl'keInou] drought [drɔ:t] swampying ['swɔmpI Iη] avalanche poisonous ['pɔIznəs] drowning [draunIη] negligence ['neglIdჳəns] notify ['noutIfaI] arable ['ærəbl] fertilizes withering ['wIðərIη] contamination disease [dI'zI:z] asthma ['æsmə] catarrh [kə'tα:] silicosis ['sIlIkɔsIs] incident immediate environment [In′vaIərənmənt] welfare marine assign priority measure [′meჳə] casualty occur

чрезвычайная ситуация травма смягчение последствия причины катастрофа землетрясение цунами ураган наводнение извержение вулкан засуха заболачивание лавина, снежный обвал ядовитый утопление, потопление небрежность сообщать, уведомлять пахотный (о земле) иссушение загрязнение, заражение болезнь астма (приступ удушья) катар (воспаление дыхательных путей) силикоз (болезнь, возникающая вследствие вдыхания пыли, содержащей силикаты кремния) окружающая среда мера

Read and translate the Text A:

Classifying emergencies

Emergency situation is defined as a sudden, unexpected, or impending situation that may cause injury,lossof life,damageto theproperty, and/or interference with the normalactivitiesof apersonor firm and which, therefore, requires immediate attention andremedialaction. Urgent intervention to prevent a worsening of the situation, although in some situations, mitigation may not be possible and agencies may only be able to offer help for the aftermath.

The extreme situations are hazardous ones, they may be caused by nature or by man. To the hazards caused by nature disasters may belong: earthquakes, storms, tornadoes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, eruptions of volcanoes, droughts, damages of roads, bridges, buildings, ships sinking, swamping (mashing) soils, avalanches, explosions at chemical enterprises, burning chemical substances resulting in poisonous fumes and smokes, lightning, landslides, glacier slides, ice storms, radiation, drowning, epidemics. To the hazards caused by a man may belong: fires, peril of arable soils in the result of superfluous fertilizes, drying up rivers and other basins, withering plants, crashes of airplanes, poisoning water basins with chemicals, crashes of dwelling houses, disrepair everything connected with electric current, terror acts, strikes, damages of pipelines, clashes of transport vehicles entailing death accidents.

In order to be defined as an emergency, the incident should conform to one or more of the following:

• poses an immediate threat to life,health,property, or environment

• has already caused loss of life, health detriments, property damage, or environmental damage

• has a high probabilityof escalating to cause immediate danger to life, health, property, or environment.

Whilst most emergency services agree on protecting humanhealth, life and property, the environmental impacts are not considered sufficiently important by some agencies. This also extends to areas such asanimal welfare, where some emergency organisations cover this element through the 'property' definition, where animals owned by a person are threatened (although this does not cover wild animals). This means that some agencies do not mount an 'emergency' response where it endangers wild animals or environment, though others respond to such incidents (such as oil spills at sea that threaten marine life). The attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion of the government of the area.

Agencies across the world have different systems for classifying incidents. The first stage of any classification is likely to define whether the incident qualifies as an emergency, and consequently if it warrants an emergency response. Some agencies may still respond to non-emergency calls, depending on their remit and availability of resource. An example of this would be a fire department responding to help retrieve a cat from a tree, where no life, health or property is immediately at risk.

Many agencies assign a sub-classification to the emergency, when incidents that have the most potential for risk to life, health or property. For instance, many ambulance services use a system called the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS)¹ or a similar solution. The AMPDS categorises all calls to the ambulance service using it as either 'A' category (immediately life-threatening), 'B' Category (immediately health threatening) or 'C' category (non-emergency call that still requires a response). Some services have a fourth category, where they believe that no response is required after clinical questions are asked.

Other systems (especially as regards major incidents) use objective measures to direct resource. Two such systems are CHALET² and METHANE³, which are both mnemonics to help emergency services staff classify incidents, and direct resource. Each of these acronyms helps ascertain the number of casualties (usually including the number of dead and number of non-injured people involved), how the incident has occurred, and what emergency services are required.

________________________________________

1. The Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) is the system primarily used in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where it is medically, police and fire approved.

2. CHALET stands for casualties, access, location, emergency services, type.

3. METHANE stands for major incident declared exact location; type of incident e.g. explosion, building collapse; hazards present, potential or suspected; access – routes that are safe to use; number, type, severity of casualties; emergency services now present and those required.

_______________________________________

Answer the questions:

1. What may emergency situation cause?

2. What can prevent a worsening of the incident?

3. How can you understand that the situation is estimated as emergency?

4. Any environmental incident is considered sufficiently important by emergency agencies, isn’t it? If not, why?

5. If the situation refers to non-emergency, you shouldn’t expect the emergency agencies’ respond, should you?

6. What measures do the emergency classifications use in the text?

7. Do you guess other measures for the emergency classification?

Summarize the information from the Text A:

1. the definition of emergency;

2. two main types of emergency;

3. examples of emergency;

4. the systems for classifying incidents.

Match the word combinations and check in the text:

emergency impending loss damage immediate remedial urgent to prevent extreme nature damages of chemical poisonous superfluous death emergency the environmental emergency potential for ambulance the number of

substances casualties situation situation response risk services roads fumes fertilizes of life to the property attention situations disasters action intervention a worsening accidents services impacts

Learn the grammar: Participle I/II

Participle I или Present Participle отражает длительность процесса, подчеркивая одновременность действия со сказуемым.  Причастие настоящего времени образуется от глагола + окончание -ing:

The dancing girls are our students. – Танцующие девушки – наши студентки.

He was silent for a while, as if pausing for a reply. – Он немного помолчал, как будто выдерживая паузу для ответа.He was standing on the top of the mountains admiring the beautiful view. — Он стоял на вершине горы, наслаждаясь прекрасным видом.

	Active	Passive
Simple	Asking спрашивающий, спрашивая	being asked спрашиваемый, будучи спрошен
Perfect	having asked спросив (ши)	having been asked был спрошен

Participle IIсоответствует русской форме страдательного причастия: сломанная, написанная, прочитанная. Данная часть речи имеет только одну форму и используется для описания законченного действия. Другими словами можно сказать, что это результат, выраженный признаком или состоянием. Past Participle образуется от инфинитива без to + суффикс – ed. Либо, если глагол неправильный, используется его 3-я форма – таблица Past Participle (3 колонка таблицы неправильных глаголов): broken leg – сломанная нога; locked door – закрытая дверь.

Translate and find out Participle I/II:

unexpected or impending situation

the hazards caused by a man

crashes of dwelling houses

disrepair everything connected with electric current

clashes of transport vehicles entailing death accidents

a high probabilityof escalating to cause immediate danger to life

animals owned by a person

the attitude of the agencies involved is likely to reflect the predominant opinion

different systems for classifying incidents

non-emergency calls, depending on their remit

be a fire department responding to help

Choose the best participle forms:

1. giving b. not having been given c. having been given

d. being given e. having given f. given

1. The best part …………. to another actor, Josh felt unwilling to continue his involvement in the show.

2. I’ve always treasured the watch……………… to me on my eighteenth birthday.

3. The police officers stood at either end of the hallway, ……………. Ray no chance of escape.

4. ………………. our tickets to the attendant, we were ushered into the antechamber of the tomb.

5. We were driving up the grant according to need, the largest amount ………… to the homeless.

6. ………………. the mandatory months’ notice be the landlord, the tenant was able to stay on in the house.

Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the underlined phrases with suitable participle phrase:

Example: As they hadn’t been arrested they were able to leave the police station. – Not having been arrested, they were able to leave the police station.

1. She fell asleep while she sat in the armchair. - ………………………………

2. Because I can speak Finnish I was able to follow their conversation. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

3. My brother, who has split up with his wife, wants to move in with me. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

4. So far nobody has claimed the money we discovered under the floorboards. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

5. After he had moved out, Danny found it difficult to find a nice place to stay. - ……………………………………………………………………………….

6. If you leave it for too long, oil paint will form a skin. - ……………………...

7. The sea was very rough, which made me feel seek. - ………………………..

8. As I am not very good with figures I’ll let you do the accounts. - …………

9. This is a house which has been built to last forever. - ………………………..

10. Provided you wash it at a cool temperature this garment will not shrink. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

11. People who play loud music late at night can be a real nuisance. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

12. Because he had been unemployed for so long, Jack despaired of ever finding a job. - ………………………………………………………………..

13. If you give them enough time, the engineers will be able to find the fault. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

14. The people who lived closest to the river bank were the worst affected. - ………………………………………………………………………………...

15. Due to the fact that I hadn’t registered, I was unable to vote in last week’s election. - ……………………………………………………………………..

Translate from Russian into English using the following English equivalents:

to occur, water area, to cause, accident, disaster, victim, injury, damage, loss, administrative regulation, jurisdiction, inter-jurisdiction, power outage, to stop gas supply, designed-basis fault, wear and tear of machinery.

Чрезвычайная ситуация – это обстановка, сложившаяся на определенной территории или акватории в результате аварии, опасного природного явления, катастрофы, стихийного или иного бедствия, которые могут повлечь или повлекли за собой человеческие жертвы, ущерб здоровью людей или окружающей природной среде, значительные материальные потери и нарушение условий жизнедеятельности людей.

Чрезвычайные ситуации делятся на природные, техногенные, социальные, экологические.

В основе классификации ЧС по масштабу лежат величина территории, на которой распространяется ЧС, число пострадавших и размер ущерба. По масштабу чрезвычайные ситуации могут быть классифицированы на (Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации от 21 мая 2007 г. N 304 «О классификации чрезвычайных ситуаций природного и техногенного характера»): локального характера муниципального характера, межмуниципального характера, регионального характера, межрегионального характера, федерального характера.

Основные причины чрезвычайных ситуаций подразделяются на внешние (стихийные бедствия; неожиданное прекращение подачи электроэнергии, газа; терроризм; войны) и внутренние (сложность технологий; недостаточная квалификация обслуживающего персонала; проектно-конструкторские недоработки в механизмах и оборудовании; физический и моральный износ оборудования и механизмов; низкая трудовая и технологическая дисциплины и др.).

Read and translate the Text B: