Development of environmental engineering

Ever since people first realized that their health and well-being were related to the quality of their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to improve the quality of their environment. The ancient Indus civilization utilized early sewers in some cities. The Romans constructed aqueducts to prevent drought and to create a clean, healthful water supply for the metropolis of Rome. In the 15th century, Bavaria created laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country that constituted the region's water supply. In the mid-19th century in London Joseph Bazalgette designed the first major sewerage system. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized countries reduced waterborne diseases.

The field emerged as a separate environmental discipline during the middle third of the 20th century in response to widespread public concern about water and pollution and increasingly extensive environmental quality degradation. However, its roots extend back to early efforts in public health engineering.

In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those societies had longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One example is the widespread application of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) to control agricultural pests in the years following World War II. While the agricultural benefits were outstanding and crop yields increased dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and malaria was controlled better than it ever had been, numerous species were brought to the verge of extinction due to the impact of the DDT on their reproductive cycles. The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carson's «Silent Spring» is considered to be the birth of the modern environmental movement and the development of the modern field of environmental engineering.

Conservation movements and laws restricting public actions that would harm the environment have been developed by various societies for millennia. Notable examples are the laws decreeing the construction of sewers in London and Paris in the 19th century and the creation of the U.S. national park system in the early 20th century.

Find English equivalents for these terms in the text:

улучшать качество окружающей среды, водоснабжение, канализационная система, канализационные трубы, очистка воды, ухудшение качества окружающей среды, длительное воздействие, широкое применение, сельскохозяйственные вредители, на грани вымирания, наносить вред окружающей среде.

Answer the questions:

1. When did people realize that their health was related to the quality of their environment?

2. When did the field of environmental engineering separate from environmental

science?

3. What benefit was achieved by constructing drinking water treatment and sewage treatment systems?

4. What is DDT? What is its effect on the environment?

5. What role did Rachel Carson play in the development of environmental engineering?

6. What environmental engineering facilities are mentioned in the text? What are the earliest ones?

Guess the words:

- a colorless odorless substance used as an insecticide

- a drain or pipe used to carry away surface water or wastes

- any organism that damages crops, livestock or man, or reduces the fertility of land

- improving quality of water so that it were safe for drinking

- providing treated and purified water for a community

Read the text С and give definition to the term: environmental management