Fire prevention at work

Preventing Fire Hazards

You can help prevent fires at your worksite, by following these guidelines:

• Keep equipment and machinery clean and in good operating condition.

• Make sure that all electrical equipment is protected.

• Never overload circuits.

• Store flammable/combustible materials in appropriate containers away from heat sources.

• Keep work and refuse areas clean and free of debris.

• Dispose of flammables according to established safety guidelines.

• Never leave open flames unattended.

• Use caution when operating welding and other spark-producing equipment.

• Clean up (if appropriate) or report all spills.

• Keep fire exits/escape routes clear.

• Know where alarm boxes are located and the University emergency phone 112.

Fires are very costly. Each year they take many lives, cause workers and their families to suffer, and cost many millions of dollars in damages.

Fire control is everyone's business. You can do your part by observing and complying with fire prevention rules. If you notice any hazards or conditions that could cause a fire, report them to your supervisor immediately.

Matches and cigarettes are principal causes of fires. Many fires have started because of carelessly dropped live ashes, cigarette butts, or burning matches. The temperature of the ash is often as high as 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit and if it comes in contact with combustibles, fire can result.

Poor housekeeping is one of the major contributing factors that cause fires. Oily rags, paper, sawdust, solvents, paints and cartons should be disposed of properly. Trash should not be allowed to accumulate in the work area.

Oil or gasoline that is spilled on equipment should be cleaned up immediately. Make sure that oil-soaked rags are placed in proper safety containers.

Paint, paint thinners, alcohol, naphtha, lacquer thinner and gasoline should be used only for their intended purposes. Flammable liquids of any kind must be kept in approved safety containers.

The thoughtless use of welding equipment can easily destroy our jobs. Fire-resistant covers, spark shields and a fire watcher standing by, plus the proper use of the equipment are some of the ways to prevent damaging fire losses.

Defective wiring has caused many fires. Never try to repair wiring or equipment unless you are qualified to do so. Report defective items and have the repairs made by a properly trained person.

Explain what fire safety rules are on the pictures below:

Read and translate the Text C:

Fire safety at home

The best way to practice fire safety is to make sure a fire doesn't break out in the first place. That means you should always be aware of potential hazards in your home. Start by keeping these tips in mind:

Electrical Appliances, Cords, and Outlets

• Are your electrical appliances in good condition, without loose or frayed cords or plugs?

• Are your outlets overloaded with plugs from the TV, computer, printer, video game system, and stereo?

• Are you overusing an extension cord?

• Do the light fixtures in your home use bulbs that are the correct wattage?

• Does your home contain GFCIs (ground fault circuit interrupters) and/or AFCIs (arc fault circuit interrupters), which prevent electrical shock and fire by shutting off faulty circuits?

Look around your house for potential problems. And unless you're a trained electrician, be careful about do-it-yourself electrical projects. Studies have shown that many home fires are caused by improper installation of electrical devices.

Other tips:

• Replace or professionally repair any appliances that spark, smell unusual, or overheat.

• Don't run electrical wires under rugs.

• Make sure lamps and night-lights are not touching bedspreads, drapes, or other fabrics.

• Use caution when using electric blankets.

• Don't let kids use kitchen appliances by themselves and supervise any art or science projects that involve electrical devices.

• Cover any outletsthat are not in use with plastic safety covers if you have toddlers or young children in your home.

Portable Heaters

The number of residential fires always goes up during colder months, peaking between December and February. Portable space heaters substantially contribute to this increase. Before plugging in your space heater, make sure you know how to use it safely:

• Carefully read the directions for its use.

• Never place a space heater where a child or pet could accidentally knock it over.

• Never place a space heater too close to a bed, especially a child's bed.

• Keep newspapers, magazines, and fabrics from curtains, clothes, or bedding away from space heaters, radiators, and fireplaces.

• Heaters should be at least 3 feet from anything flammable.

Careful in the Kitchen

Did you know that cooking is the leading cause of home fires in the United States? The kitchen is rife with ways for a fire to start: food left unsupervised on a stove or in an oven or microwave; grease spills; a dish towel too close to the burner; a toaster or toaster oven flare-up; a coffee pot accidentally left on.

Always supervise kids while cooking and practice safe cooking habits — like turning all pot handles in so they can't be accidentally knocked over and not wearing loose-fitting clothing that could catch fire around the stove.

Beware of Cigarettes

According to the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), cigarettes are the No. 1 cause of fire deaths in the United States and Canada, killing about 1,000 people per year. Most are started when ashes or butts fall into couches and chairs. If you smoke, be especially careful around upholstered furniture, never smoke in bed, and be sure cigarettes are completely out before you toss them into the trash.

Matches and Lighters

You've heard it again and again, but children playing with matches are still the leading cause of fire-related deaths and injuries for kids younger than 5. Always keep matches and lighters out of children's reach. Store flammable materials such as gasoline, kerosene, and flammable cleaning supplies outside of your home and away from kids.

Using Candles Safely

As decorative candles become more popular, candle fires are on the rise. If you light candles, keep them out of reach of kids and pets, away from curtains and furniture, and extinguish them before you go to bed. Make sure candles are in sturdy holders made of non-flammable material that won't tip over. Don't let older kids and teens use candles unsupervised in their rooms.

Be Aware of Holiday Dangers

Around the holidays, there are even more potential fire hazards to think about. If you use a real Christmas tree in your home, make sure to water it daily — electric lights strung on a dried-out tree are a recipe for disaster.

All lights and lighted window ornaments should be inspected every year to make sure that cords are not worn or frayed, and all candles should be used with care. According to the NFPA, the number of fires started by candles nearly doubles during the month of December.

Watch the video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovWF4MU25Z8

Check your comprehension and fill the gaps:

Hi kids, my name is Jim and I’m a volunteer __________. As a fireman, it’s my job to help people when there’s a fire. Today I want to tell you a few things you can do to help me _________ fires where you live.

Adults use ________ and lighters for many things like cooking food and lighting candles. Never _________ with matches lighters or candles. You could _________ a fire by accident. And that fire can very easily get out of _________. Many times I’ve had to go to a house fire that was started by a child playing with matches. The child didn’t mean for anything to happen, but that one mistake put a lot of people in __________. Tell an adult if you see any matches or lighters lying around the house. That way they can put the matches away.

A lot of house fires start in the ________. That’s why it’s very important to start some simple ________ rules. Always stay away from hot stove burners. If your parents are cooking in the kitchen, please stay at least 3 feet away from the cooking area so you don’t get burned. And if you’re old enough to help cook, you should never use the stove unless an adult is with you.

One way to stay save is by having smoke _______ in your home. What is a smoke detector? It’s something that senses smoke even before you can _______ it. When it senses smoke it creates a loud _______ so that you can hear the __________ and get out fast. It’s very important to have working smoke detectors in your home. Ask your parents to put working smoke detectors in your bedroom and any room you need. Make sure they check the batteries every month so that the smoke detector can help _______ you safe.

When I’m fighting fires I need to stay very ________. When you’re caught in a fire you need to stay calm to. What would you do if the fire touched you. There’s one simple rule to remember: stop, drop and _________. Have a little help, James help me out. If fire __________ you don’t run, stop what you’re doing, drop to the ground, cover your face with your hands, and role back and forth until the fires out. Then find an adult to help you. Now why don’t you try it with the help of some of my friends? Why doesn’t everybody stand up? If fire touches you, you need to stop, drop to the floor and cover your face, and roll until the fire’s ­_________. Good job, now you’ll know what to do if fire ever touches you.

When I’m in a fire, I have to wear a lot of gear to __________ myself so I don’t get burned. If you’ve ever seen a fire before, it might look a little scary, so let’s look at the things I need to wear when I’m fighting fires. I need a helmet, long pants __________, and a heavy jacket to keep me safe. So I can breathe in a fire, I need a breathing tank and a __________. When I have the mask on, and talk through it, it can seem like I’m an alien from outer space. But really, it’s just me. If you’ve ever been _________ in a fire and see someone like this, don’t ever be scared. Its just a fire fighter that’s trying to help get you out. Never __________ from a firefighter if you see one coming toward you. The firefighter is just trying to help. It’s very important that you never hide in a closet in your room or under a bed during a fire. If you can’t get out in a fire, and you’re trapped in your room, you need to stay where a _________ can save you.

On this dvd, you can learn to make a plan for your family so you can get out of a fire safely. Ask your parents to watch it with you now, so you know how to get out safely.

Take the Test (write down True or False and give a detailed explanation):

1. You can put out all fires with water.

_____________________________________________________________

2. You shouldn't store things in or around your stove.

_____________________________________________________________

3. Lamps can use any wattage light bulb.

______________________________________________________________

4. Smoke detectors are of no value for people with hearing disabilities.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Not all clothing, bedding, and lampshades are fire-resistant.

______________________________________________________________

6. 911 works everywhere.

_______________________________________________________________

7. Burns are not always caused by fire.

_______________________________________________________________

8. As long as you use extension cords, you can always plug more appliances into a socket.

_______________________________________________________________

9. It's safer to run electrical cords under the rug.

_______________________________________________________________

10. Smoking is the number one cause of fires.

_________________________________________________________

Learn the grammar: Modal Verbs

Таблица №1

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ НЕОБХОДИМОСТЬ СОВЕРШЕНИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЯ
№ п/п	ГЛАГОЛ	ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТТЕНКИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ	ПРИМЕР
1	MUST	Неизбежность совершения действия, обусловленная объективными причинами	He mustunderstand it.
		Вынужденность или необходимость совершения действия	You must not ask too much of it. I must be off as soon as I can.
2	SHOULD	Необходимость совершения действия	Insulators shouldbe kept very clean. You shouldn't have come here.
3	OUGHT TO	Необходимость совершения действия	I ought to do all I canto comfort her.
		Целесообразность действия, обусловленная субъективным мнением говорящего	Perhaps I ought to have a talk to him about it first.
4	SHALL	Необходимость совершения действия	Henry shall go home.
		Вопросительное предложение с shall содержит вопрос говорящего о мнении собеседника по поводу	Shall I open the door?

Продолжение таблицы №1

		совершения действия
5	NEED	Передает оттенок необходимости совершения действия	We needn't talk to each other unless we feel like it.
6	TO HAVE (TO HAVE GOT)	Вынужденность действия	I didn't have to make any decisions.
7	TO BE	Неизбежность совершения действия	The novel, which is to be his last one has found a new sense.
		Необходимость совершения действия согласно предварительной договоренности	He was to come yesterday..
		Необходимость совершения действия, вызванная объективными причинами	The wire may also be made of any metal though soft metals are to be avoided.

Таблица №2

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ СОВЕРШЕНИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЯ
№ п/п	ГЛАГОЛ	ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТТЕНКИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ	ПРИМЕР
1	CAN (COULD)	Возможность совершения действия в силу наличия условий для его совершения в настоящем и будущем	I can stay with them.
		Возможность совершения действия, основанная на позволении, разрешении	Can I see the producer?
		Глагол can может также передавать немодальное значение  способности, физической возможности совершить действие	He can speak English.
2	BE ABLE TO	Переводится «быть в состоянии», «иметь возможность», «мочь». То есть мы используем это выражение, чтобы сказать о какой-либо возможности/способности.	I was able to write this test correctly.
3	MAY (MIGHT)	Возможность совершения действия, которое может	It may make that man furious.

Продолжение таблицы №2

		осуществиться, но может и не осуществиться
		Возможность совершения действия, обусловленная разрешением, позволением. В этом значении вместо глагола may (might) могут использоваться эквиваленты — to be allowed, to be permitted	You may give me one kiss. You′ll be allowed to go out.

Таблица №3

МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЕ
№ п/п	ГЛАГОЛ	ХАРАКТЕРНЫЕ ОТТЕНКИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ	ПРИМЕР
1	MUST	Предположение, основанное на фактах, знаниях, почти граничащее с уверенностью	He must be at home.
2	SHOULD/OUGHT TO	Предположение, основанное на фактах	They shouldall be of equal mass.
3	CAN/COULD	Употребляется главным образом в отрицательных предложениях, выражая, таким образом, предположение о невероятности совершения действия	You can't really love me, or you wouldn′t hesitate.
4	MAY	Предположение о возможности действия, которое может произойти, но может и не произойти	I may have said it.
5	MIGHT	Предположение, в верности которого говорящий не уверен	She might have been thirty-five.
		Предположение, не соответствующее действительности	Michael laughed and shouted and sang. He might have been fifteen.
6	NEED	Употребляется в отрицательных предложениях в значении предположения о необязательности действия	It needn't take you very long.

Paraphrase the following sentences using modal verbs:

e.g. I think it’s necessary for you not to believe in everything he says. You mustn’t believe everything he says.

1. In many cultures it is necessary for people to knock on wood for jinx (сглаз) not to happen. - ……………………………………………………………………

2. It’s a good idea to swallow rapidly if you have hiccups. - …………………..

3. It’s not a good idea not to tell the doctor all the symptoms you have, even if they sound embarrassing. - ………………………………………………………..

4. It’s necessary not to run away from dogs that want to attack you: find shelter on high ground to hide from them. - ………………………………………………

5. I’m sure he doesn’t sleepwalk: I’ve lived with him 10 years, believe me. - ………………………………………………………………………………………

6. I’m sure there isn’t anything wrong with the car: I had it tested yesterday. - ………………………………………………………………………………………

7. I’m sure that the monster is living in Loch Ness: where on earth do the photos come from then? - …………………………………………………………

8. I’m sure that’s the wrong place: I’ve never been here before. - ……………..

9. Perhaps ghosts exist in our cemetery: some people have seen light objects there at night. - ……………………………………………………………………..

10. Perhaps it’s is a miracle: he was confined to a wheelchair and now he walks without crutches. - …………………………………………………………………

Choose the correct answers:

1. You (don’t have to/ ought to/ could/ shouldn’t) eat healthy food.

2. A: This programme isn’t very good.

B: (Must/Had to/ Need/ Shall) I turn it over?

3. I think Diana (will/ must/ have to/ had to) pass the exam.

4. A: Let’s go out tonight.

B: What time (must/ shall/ could/ need) we meet?

5. A: When is Barbara going to phone you?

B: I don’t know. She (can’t/might/couldn’t/needn’t) phone this afternoon.

6. (Must/ Need/ Have to / Could) you open the door, please?

7. I’m sorry, but I (don’t have to/can’t/shouldn’t/couldn’t) come to your party next Saturday.

8. (Should/Could/Must/Shall) you pass me the salt, please?

9. Customer: (Should/Can/May/Would) I have a bar of that chocolate please?

Shopkeeper: Here you are.

10. I had a party last weekend but Paul and Jenny (couldn’t/ could/shouldn’t/wouldn’t) come. I was so upset.

11. We (can/ have to/ must/ can’t) go to the bank today we haven’t got any money. We need some money.

12. You (couldn’t/don’t have to/ mustn’t /can) wear shoes in this area. Shoes aren’t allowed here.

13. You watch TV all the time. You (can/ can’t/ should/ shouldn’t) watch too much TV.

14. A: My bag is heavy.

B: I (will/would/have to/need) carry it for you.

15. I think everybody (can’t/ wouldn’t/ should/couldn’t) learn another language.

It’s a good idea to know more than one language.

16. I’m not working tomorrow, so I (wouldn’t/couldn’t/mustn’t/ don’t have to) get up early.

17. A: (Must/Could/Would/Can) you like a chocolate?

B: Yes, please.

18. I’m hungry. I (can/shall/would/may) like something to eat.

19. Tom (can/mustn’t/should/ doesn’t have to) go to bed early. He goes to bed very late, and he’s always tired.

20. We didn’t have any food yesterday, so we (could /can/ must/ had to) go shopping.

21. We have got enough food, so we (can’t/mustn’t/needn’t/ should) go shopping.

22. A: You can’t park your car here for nothing. You (can/will/could/ have to) pay.

23. A: (May/Shall) I sit here?

B: Yes, you may.

24. A: Can you change twenty pound?

B: No, I …………………….(can/can’t)

Circle the correct modal verb that means the same as the first sentence:

1. We are forbidden to leave our car here. - We don’t have to / mustn’t leave our car here.

2. I recommend this book to you. It’s fantastic. - You have to / can read this book. It’s amazing!

3. I was very good at art when I was younger. - I could / had to paint very well when I was little.

4. Diving isn’t possible in the pool. It’s too shallow. - You mustn’t / aren’t able to dive in the pool.

5. It’s not necessary to come to work tomorrow but you can come for overtime if you want. - You don’t have to / mustn’t come to work tomorrow but we’ll pay you overtime if you want.

6. Is it OK if I turn on the television? - Can / Must I turn on the television?

Learn the grammar: must/can/could/may/might+have+V₃

MUST/CAN/COULD/MAY/MIGHT+HAVE+V₃ = possibility in the past (употребление модального перфекта может называть нереальное действие, степень уверенности в определённом действии, а также может указывать на то, что состоялось действие, противоположное ожидаемому, а также передаёт невозможность, неверие в действие или событие, имеющее место в прошлом и имеющее отношение к содержанию высказывания текущего момента).

Read this information about Ken. Some people wanted Ken to do different things last week but they couldn’t contact him. So he didn’t do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have done or can’t have done them:

Ken’s car was stolen on Monday.

Ken didn’t do anything on Saturday.

Ken was short of money last week.

Ken was free on Tuesday afternoon.

Ken had to work on Friday evening.

A) Ken’s aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport on Monday.

He can’t have driven her to the airport (because his car had been stolen).

B) A friend of his wanted him to go out for a meal on Friday evening.

__________________________________________________________________

C) Another friend wanted him to play tennis on Tuesday afternoon.

__________________________________________________________________

D) Jane wanted Ken to come to her party on Saturday evening.

__________________________________________________________________

E) Jack wanted Ken to lend him 50$ last week.

__________________________________________________________________

Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have V₃ and can’t have V₃:

A) The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I / asleep)

I must have been asleep.

B) Jane walked past me without speaking. (she/see/me)

She can’t have seen me.

C) The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it/very expensive)

__________________________

D) I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (they/ go away)

__________________________

E) I can’t find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)

__________________________

F) Frank passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / very difficult)

__________________________

G) She knew everything about our plans. ( she / listen / to our conversation)

___________________________

H) Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / understand / what I said)

______________________________

I) When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I/forget/to turn it off).

_________________________________