Организация бизнеса

Организация бизнеса – с одной стороны простой, а с другой стороны – сложный процесс. Сложнее всего именно начать бизнес. Для этого необходимо сменить психологию. Необходимо стать психологически готовым уйти в свободное плавание, начать своё дело, перестать зависеть от работодателя. Как только психология будет изменена, Вы легко сможете организовать свой бизнес.

Есть несколько общих вопросов, с которыми сталкиваются организации в процессе деятельности. Однако, они не всегда одинаковы. В действительности они сильно различаются: одни организации малые, другие крупные, третьи огромные. Одни работают только в своей стране, другие по всему миру. Организации занимаются разной деятельностью: производством товаров или предоставлением услуг. Кроме того, они действуют в различных секторах экономики: коммерческих организациях, государственных учреждениях или некоммерческих организациях.

Как они работают? Организациям приходится отвечать на внутренние вопросы, например как организовать нормальную деятельность компании и ее работников, как распределить работы. Вместе с тем организации испытывают внешнее давление, во-первых, со стороны правительства, существующих экономических условий, развития новых технологий, а во-вторых, давление со стороны общества, проявляющего интерес к таким вопросам, как глобальное потепление и этическое поведение.

Read the text, try to catch its essentials and be ready to do the tasks.

Text b firms and profit maximization

Firms are in business to make money. Economists assume that firms make supply and output decisions so as to make as much money as possible, in other words to maximize profits.

Some economists and business executives question the assumption that firms have the sole aim of maximizing profits. For example, a self – employed individual makes £20 000 per annum who could have made £25 000per annum in a different job. Individuals who like to be their own boss may happily exchange the extra £5000 for the additional independence. Such a business is maximizing not the net income but the total satisfaction of its owner.

Ownership and control

A more significant reason to question the assumption of profit maximization is that large firms are not run by their owners. A large company is run by a salaried board of directors and by the managers this board appoints. Although at the annual meeting the shareholders have the opportunity to dismiss the board, in practice this happens rarely. The directors are the experts with the information; it is hard for the shareholders, even in bad times, to be sure that different directors would raise the profitability of the company.

Economists call this a separation of ownership and control. Although the shareholders clearly want the maximum possible profit, the directors who actually make the decisions have the opportunity to pursue different objectives. Do the managers and directors have an incentive to act other than in the interests of the shareholders?

Managers' salaries are usually higher the larger is the firm. Some economists have argued that this leads managers to aim for size and growth rather than the maximum possible profit. For example, such managers might spend large sums on advertising even though this secured only a relatively small addition to total sales.

Nevertheless, there are two reasons why the assumption of profit maximization is a good place from which to begin. Even if the shareholders cannot recognize that profits are lower than they might be, other firms with experience in the industry may catch on faster. If profits are low, share prices will be low. By mounting a take –over, another company can buy the shares cheaply, sack the existing managers, restore profit – maximizing policies, and make a handsome capital gain as the share prices then rise once the stock market perceives the improvement in profits.

Alternatively, being aware of the opportunity for managerial discretion, shareholders may try to ensure that the interests of the managers and the shareholders coincide. By giving senior managers a quantity of shares that is small to the total number of shares but large to the managerial salaries, shareholders may try to ensure that senior managers care about profits as much as other shareholders do.

For this reason the assumption that firms try to maximize profits is more robust than might first be imagined.

Comments:

Other than – кроме

To secure – гарантировать, обеспечивать

To catch on - ухватиться

Take – over – приобретение контрольного пакета акций

Handsome – значительный (о сумме, выгоде)

Managerial – управленческий, административный

Discretion – осторожность

Copy out the topic sentence in each paragraph that could be useful for composing a plan to the text.

Write a brief summary of the text. Use the following key-patterns.

Write a brief summary of the text. Use the following key-patterns.

1. The text deals with ….. .

2. As the title implies the text describes ….. .

3. It is spoken in detail ….. .

4. The text gives information about ….. .

5. Much attention is given to ….. .

6. The text is of great help to ….. .

Answer the questions.

1. Do all economists agree that the sole aim of firms is to maximize profits?

2. What does “a separation of ownership and control “mean”?

3. Do shareholders and directors pursue the same objectives?

4. What do salaries of managers depend on?

5. What can low profits of a company lead to?

6. How may shareholders arise managers' interest in maximizing profits?

Summarize the information of the text and render it.

Look through the text and fill in the gaps with the words given below.

There are three types of firm: ..(1).. “sole traders”, partnerships, and companies. Sole traders..(2)..the most numerous but are often..(3)..small. The large business firms are companies.

A company is an organization set..(3)..to conduct business. Companies are owned by..(4)..but run by managers responsible to the board of..(5).Shareholders have limited liability. Partners and sole..(6)..have unlimited liability.

Revenue is what the firm..(7)..from sales. Costs are the expenses incurred in producing and selling. ..(8)..are the excess of revenue over costs. Costs..(9)..include opportunity costs of all resources used in..(10).. . Opportunity cost is the amount an input could obtain in its..(11)..highest paying use. In particular, economic costs..(12)..the costs of the owner’s time and effort in..(13)..a business. Supernormal profit is the pure profit accruing to the..(14)..after allowing for all these costs.

(production, owners, traders, self-employed, shareholders, earns, should, are, profits, very, running, up, directors, include, next)

Render the text into English.