Іі. Лексичний матеріал: Capital Punishment

Завдання 2.1. Прочитайте текст, зверніть увагу на юридичну лексику.

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT (DEATH PENALTY)

Capital punishment was once a common penalty throughout the world applied for committing crimes. It was inflicted for a large number of crimes, especially during middle ages and the early modern period, and was often aggravated by torturing the accused. Burning at the stake, breaking on the wheel and slow strangulation were methods commonly used. The attitude of legislative authorities toward human life was reflected in the frequent application of the penalty to even petty property offences. Clerical or public authorities persisted in killing people to scare the others.

In England during 18^th century, death was decreed for several hundred specific offences, mostly against property.

The rise of democratic political philosophy led to political struggle against the old regimes. The growing strength of the industrial working class and the humanitarian movement also played important roles. The number of offences punishable by death was reduced in all leading countries. Penalties involving official torture disappeared and the principle that the punishment should aim solely at the swift deprivation of life, whether by the guillotine (in France, from 1972), the garotte (in Spain), the headsman's axe (in Germany) or by fracturing the neck by hanging (in England), was firmly established. A trend began to develop toward making alternative punishment, usually life imprisonment, available to the court. In the 20^th century, many countries abolished capital punishment. Nevertheless, they cannot be proud of decreasing the rate of severe crimes.

1.	capital punishment, death penalty	смертна кара
2.	penalty	покарання
3.	to apply for	застосовувати до
4.	to commit a crime	скоїти злочин
5.	to inflict	накладати покарання
6.	to aggravate by	обтяжувати
7.	to torture	катувати, піддавати тортурам
8.	application	застосування
9.	property offence	дрібні злочини проти власності
10.	to persist in	наполягати на
11.	to scare	налякати
12.	to decree	встановлювати (покарання)
13.	to reduce	скорочувати, зменшувати,
14.	punishable by death	що караються смертю
15.	to aim	націлювати, мати на меті
16.	solely	виключно
17.	swift	стрімкий, швидкий
18.	deprivation of life	забирання життя
19.	guillotine	гильотина
20.	garotte	гаротта - задушення залізним ошийником
21.	to fracture	ламати
22.	trend	тенденція
23.	life imprisonment	пожиттєве ув’язнення
24.	abolish	відмінити, скасувати
25.	decrease	зменшити

Завдання 2.2. Доповніть речення відповідними іменниками.

Capital __________________________ was once a common ________________________ throughout the world applied for committing ____________________________. It was inflicted for a large _______________________of crimes, especially during middle________________________ and the early modern period, and was often aggravated by torturing the _______________________. Burning at the stake, breaking on the wheel and slow strangulation were _______________________ commonly used. The attitude of legislative __________________________ toward human life was reflected in the frequent ___________________________ of the penalty to even petty property _____________________________. Clerical or public authorities persisted in killing people to scare the others.

In England during 18^th century, death was decreed for several hundred specific __________________________, mostly against ______________________.

The________________________ of democratic political philosophy led to political struggle against the old ____________________________. The growing __________________________ of the industrial working class and the humanitarian __________________________ also played important roles. The number of _______________________ punishable by death was reduced in all leading countries. ______________________ involving official torture disappeared and the

________________________ that the punishment should aim solely at the swift

____________________________ of life, whether by the guillotine (in France, from 1972), the garotte (in Spain), the headsman's axe (in Germany) or by fracturing the neck by hanging (in England), was firmly established. A __________________ began to develop toward making alternative punishment, usually life _______________________, available to the ________________________. In the 20^th century, many countries abolished capital ______________________. Nevertheless, they cannot be proud of decreasing the ________________________of severe crimes.

Завдання 2.3. Доповніть речення відповідними прийменниками.

Capital punishment was once a common penalty ____________________ the world applied _____________committing crimes. It was inflicted _________________ a large number __________________ crimes, especially ______________________ middle ages and the early modern period, and was often aggravated ____________________ torturing the accused. Burning ________________ the stake, breaking _____________________ the wheel and slow strangulation were methods commonly used. The attitude _________________- legislative authorities ____________________ human life was reflected __________________ the frequent application of the penalty ____________________-even petty property offences. Clerical or public authorities persisted ____________________ killing people to scare the others.

In England _______________________ 18^th century, death was decreed __________________ several hundred specific offences, mostly ______________________ property.

The rise ____________________democratic political philosophy led to political struggle ______________________ the old regimes. The growing strength _____________________ the industrial working class and the humanitarian movement also played important roles. The number of offences punishable __________________________ death was reduced _____________________ all leading countries. Penalties involving official torture disappeared and the principle that the punishment should aim solely ____________________ the swift deprivation of life, whether __________________ the guillotine (in France, from 1972), the garotte (in Spain), the headsman's axe (in Germany) or by fracturing the neck by hanging (in England), was firmly established. A trend began to develop _______________________- making alternative punishment, usually life imprisonment, available ______________________ the court. In the 20^th century, many countries abolished capital punishment. Nevertheless, they cannot be proud _______________decreasing the rate ____________________ severe crimes.

Завдання 2.4. Дайте власну стверджувальну або заперечну оцінку

висловлюванням.

Statements	True	False
1. A man's innate sense of justice requires that a murderer should lose his life.
2. A man has no right to take life, which the Creator alone may give to.
3. Some criminals are dangerous to the community.
4. Capital punishment has a unique power to deter people from committing crimes.
5. Life imprisonment would expose prison staffs and fellow prisoners to dangerous murderers.
6. Life-termers are an economic burden on the state.
7. Errors of justice would lead to the execution of innocent people.
8. In well-organized prisons, prisoners would be economic asserts.
9. The death penalty would be applied mostly to the poor and defenseless.
10. Existence of death penalty complicates the administration of justice, lengthens the trials, may lead to unjustified verdicts.

Завдання 2.5. Напишіть есе про Ваше ставлення до смертної кари та

висувається аргументація „за” або „проти” (cons and pros).

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