Cytology

Ex. 1. Read the following words, pay attention to their pronunciation:

absorption, n. v. to absorb adj. absorbent, absorbing		поглощение, поглощать поглощающий
Cell absorbs solid and liquid particles through the cell membrane.
breakdown, n. v. to break down		распад, расщепление расщеплять
Lysosome is an organelle involved in the breakdown of cellular components.
composition, n. v. to compose		состав, композиция, структура входить в состав, составлять
Composition of cells and their functioning are fundamental to all biological sciences.
construction, n. v. to construct		конструкция, построение строить, конструировать
Anabolism is the process of construction of cellular components.
discipline, n.		дисциплина
Cytology is an academic discipline that studies cells.
enzyme, n.		фермент
Enzymes break down food particles inside the cell.
generalization, n. v. to generalize adj. general		обобщение обобщать общий
Information about composition of cells and their functions allows scientists to make generalizations about other cell types.
interaction, n. v. to interact		взаимодействие взаимодействовать
Cytology studies physiological properties of cells, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment.
metabolism, n.		метаболизм
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
nucleic acid		нуклеиновая кислота
Proteins and nucleic acids are cellular components.
nutrient, n. n. nutrition adj. nutritive, nutritious		питательное вещество питание питательный
Each cell can take in nutrients.
particle, n.		частица
phagocytosis, n.		фагоцитоз
Phagocytosis is the process of absorption of solid particles by the cell membrane.
pinocytosis, n.		пиноцитоз
Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquid particles by the cell membrane.
removal, n. v. to remove		удаление, устранение удалять, устранять
Phagocytosis is also the process of removal of metabolic products from the cell.
research, n. v. to research		исследование исследовать
Research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and developmental biology.
similarity, n. adj. similar		сходство, подобие подобный, похожий
Similarities and differences between cell types are particularly important to the fields of cellular and molecular biology.
solute, n. syn. solution		раствор
During pinocytosis the cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present.

Ex. 2. Memorize the verbs and verb-combinations to be used:

to allow	to determine	to maintain
to be capable	to dissolve	to occur
to consume	to divide into	to relate to
to convert	to grow	to respond to
to deliver	to involve	to refer to

Ex. 3. Match the verb and its translation:

to convert	позволять	to deliver	определять
to respond to	разделять на	to dissolve	возникать, случаться
to refer to	превращать	to determine	быть способным
to grow	поддерживать	to involve	растворять
to allow	расти	to be capable	потреблять
to divide into	реагировать, отвечать на	to occur	доставлять
to maintain	относиться к	to consume	вовлекать

Ex. 4. Make up all possible word combinations using the formula:

V+ N

To maintain	Life Particles Substances Composition Solutes Structure Form Energy Environment Water Bacteria Change Proteins Temperature Pressure
To determine
To consume
To respond to
To deliver

Ex. 5. Fill in the gaps:

1. ……….. is the process of taking in solid and liquid particles through the cell membrane.

2. ……………. also refers to removal of metabolic products from the cell.

3. …………….. is a set of chemical reactions in living organisms.

4. During …………the cell absorbs surrounding fluids.

5. …………….. studies physiological properties of cells, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment.

6. Each cell can take in ………… and convert them into energy.

7. Scientists make …………. in cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and developmental biology.

Nutrients, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, metabolism, researches, cytology, absorption.

Ex. 6. Read and translate the following text:

Cell biology (also called cellular biology or formerly cytology) comes from the Greek word kytos, which means "container". Cytology is an academic discipline that studies cells both on a microscopic and molecular level. It also studies physiological properties of cells, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Cell biology refers to single-celled organisms like bacteria and multicellular organisms like humans. Composition and functioning of cells are fundamental to all biological sciences. Similarities and differences between different cell types are particularly important to the fields of cellular and molecular biology. These similarities and differences allow scientists to make generalizations about other cell types. Research in cytology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and developmental biology.

Ex. 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What do you know about cytology? What does it study?

2. What does the word “cytology” mean?

3. What are the synonyms to the word “cytology”?

4. Does cytology study humans?

5. Why is it important to know the composition and structure of cells?

6. What other disciplines is cytology connected with?

Ex. 8. Find and correct the mistakes in the following questions:

1. Is the word cytology come from the Greek word kytos ("container")?

2. What is cytology an academic discipline that studies cells?

3. Cytology studies physiological properties of cells, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death, aren’t they?

4. What cell biology refers to?

5. What are particularly important to the fields of cellular and molecular biology?

6. Research in cytology is closely related to molecular biology or to physics?

Ex. 9. Retell the text using the following scheme:

Ex. 10. Read and translate the following text:

Cells are capable to phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) is the cellular process of absorption of solid particles through the cell membrane. During phagocytosis the cell can take in different bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles. Phagocytosis is also involved in removal of pathogens and metabolic products from the cell. Pinocytosis ("cell-drinking") is a process of absorption of liquids through the cell membrane. The cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all solutes present. Pinocytosis is similar to phagocytosis, the only difference is that during phagocytosis the cell actually absorbs whole food particles, which are later broken down by the enzymes inside the cell. During pinocytosis, on the other hand, the cell absorbs already dissolved/broken down food.

Ex. 11. Fill in the table:

Process	Meaning of the term	Definition	Substances for absorption	Differentiation
phagocytosis
pinocytosis

Ex. 12. Find in the text above the words from Ex. 1 and 2. Translate the expressions in which they were used.

Ex. 13. Describe the processes of phagocytosis and pinocytosis using the pictures below:

Steps of phagocytosis: a. Absorption b. Lysosome and solid particle

c. Waste material

1, 2. Solid particles 3. Lysosomes 4. Waste material 5. Cytoplasm 6. Cell membrane

Ex. 14. Read the following text: