Stylistic Use of Synonyms

Synonyms in one synonymic group may differ from each other in their stylistic colouring (compare to steal and to pinch) and in emotional evaluative nuances (compare timid and coward). Those synonyms which differ not so much in meaning or in their emotional colouring and which belong to different stylistic types are called stylistic synonyms. Of greatest stylistic value are contextual synonyms which has not been registered as synonyms in any dictionary, which are born as such in a context only. Context saturates a word with such emotional and evaluative nuances and to such a degree that a word loses its logical or dictionary meaning thus becoming a contextual (temporary) synonym. Contextual synonyms help avoid repetition and monotony of speech. They give some additional information thus adding to the preciseness and expressiveness of the utterance. At the same time they reflect a deeply subjective author’s attitude of what he depicts.

Synonyms are realised in the context in different ways. Especially peculiar to the English language are pairs of synonyms whose stylistic function is to intensify the impression.

To run and rule.

To mask and muffle.

To meek and humble.

Such pairs may be rhythmically organised and alliterated.

The stylistic use of synonyms may not be restricted to synonymical pairs only but can extend to synonymical groups. This device may be regarded as a semantical repetition and is named semantical amplification.

He closed, locked and bolted all the doors and windows.

Synonyms may also be realised through synonimical variations. These variations show their meaning which is rather close in different manifestations within one context or text. This way they help avoid repetition and define a notion from different sides or supplies it with definite colouring of emotions.

The words intelligence and mind and intellect may be used substituting each other. The same as the words stories, legends, narrations, sagas, tales, etc.

Being non synonyms, if regarded as literary terms, turn into such in a special text.

The use of synonyms is recommended to create a better style of writing but only within those functional styles which show a definite imaginative character of the author. Fiction, publicistic style, partially newspaper style, but not scientific or style of the official documents.

The English language is especially rich in synonyms. The ability of the writer or speaker to pick out the appropriate word from a series of synonyms gives him a possibility to express his ideas with the utmost precision and emotionally adequately.

Literature

1. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – Moscow, 1991.

2. Skrebnev Yu.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics. – Moscow, 1994.

3. Enkvist, N.E. Linguistic Stylistics. – The Hague, 1973.

4. Esser, J. English Linguistic Stylistics. – Tübingen, 1993.

5. Wales, K. A Dictionary of Stylistics. – London, 1990.

6. Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка (Стилистика декодирования). – М., 1990.

7. Балли Ш. Французская стилистика. – М., 1961.

8. Стилистический энциклопедический словарь русского языка / Под ред. М.Н. Кожиной. – М., 2003.

9. Москвин В.П. Выразительные средства современной русской речи: тропы и фигуры. Терминологический словарь-справочник. М., 2004.

Progress Check on Module II.

To pass this progress check, the student has to give answers to 10 questions. Each correct answer shall be evaluated in 10 points. The total of all correct answers shall then make 100 points.

Questions:

1. What is the principal difference between metaphor and metonymy?

2. Can you give examples of metaphorical and metonymical transfer of meaning within one utterance?

3. What is the difference between a case of metaphor and a metaphorical epithet, a case of metonymy and a metonymical epithet?

4. Can you name at least 4 types of antonomasia?

5. What types of epithets can be distinguished?

6. What is the principal difference between litotes and hyperbole?

7. What is the principle bringing together oxymoron, zeugma and pun?

8. What is the inner and outer difference between simile and metaphor?

9. How can set expressions be used for stylistic purposes?

10. How can synonyms be used for stylistic purposes?

Topics for Essays

1. The Theory Of Trope in Modern Semiotics

2. Trope, Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

3. Re-nomination and the Language Sign

4. Re-nomination As A Deliberate Device In Human Verbal Communication

5. Terminology Naming Tropes: Its Genesis and Modern State

Topics for Independent Individual Work

1. Metaphor, metonymy, irony, epithet in everyday communication

2. Simile as a device and way of thought

3. Euphemism and its varieties in speech

4. Decomposition of set expressions: the stylistic potentialities of the device