I need to add Types of Dictionaries

Dictionaries may be classified as linguistic and non-linguistic. The latter are dictionaries giving information on all branches of knowledge, the encyclopaedias. They deal not with words, but with facts and concepts. The best known encyclopaedias of the English-speaking word are the Encyclopaedia Britannica and the Encyclopaedia Americana. There exist also biographical dictionaries and many minor encyclopaedias.

English lexicography is probably the word with respect to variety and scope of the published dictionaries. There is a great variety of unilingual dictionaries meant for children.

A bilingual dictionary is used by several kinds of people: those who study foreign languages and specialists reading foreign literature. Such dictionaries may have two different principal purposes: reference for translation and guidance for expression. These dictionaries must provide an adequate translation in the target language of every word and expression in the source language. Also, they should contain all the inflectional, derivational, semantic, and syntactic information that the reader might ever need, and include information on spelling and pronunciation. Data on the levels of usage are also considered necessary, including special warnings about the word being rare or poetical or slangy and unfit to be used in the presence of “one’s betters.” The number of special bilingual dictionaries for various branches of knowledge and engineering is ever increasing. A completely new type is the machine translation dictionaries which present their own specific problems, naturally differing from those presented by bilingual dictionaries for human translation. It is highly probable, however, that their development will eventually lead to improving dictionaries for general use.

The entries of a dictionary are usually arranged in alphabetical order. Derivatives and compounds are given under the same head-word. In the ideographic dictionaries, the main body is arranged according to a logical classification of notions expressed. This type always has an alphabetical index attached to facilitate the search for the necessary word.

The ideographic type of dictionary is in a way the converse of the usual type: the purpose of the latter is to explain the meaning when the word is given. The thesaurus, on the contrary, supplies the word or words by which a given idea may be expressed. Sometimes the grouping is in parallel columns with the opposite notions. The book is meant only for readers having a good knowledge of English, and enables the user to choose an adequate expression and, therefore, avoid over-use of the same words. The Latin word thesaurus means “treasury.” Roget’s book gave the word a new figurative meaning, namely, “a store of knowledge” and hence, “a dictionary containing all the word of a language.”

The most burning issues of lexicography are connected with the selection of head-words, the arrangement and contents of the vocabulary entry, the principles of sense definitions and the semantic and functional classification.

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