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The whole Ukrainian contingent of peace-making forces participated in the observance of safety at performing their tasks in districts where weapons with depleted uranium were used.

Inspection of cars has revealed the presence Cs-137. The maximal pollution made 482.3 Bq/m2. It is below minimally allowable activity on workplaces under requirements of the Ukrainian standards. With all divisions deactivation of the engineering gear was carried out. All cars were deactivated.

Inspection of places of aviation impacts in the zone under the responsibility of the Ukrainian peace-making contingent and in places of performance of tasks has revealed pollution radionuclides Cs-137, Th-232 and Ra-226.

The basic conclusions of the carried out work were:

6. Conclusions

The overall objective of sanitary-and-hygienic normalization is studying and substantiation of limits of intensity and duration of actions on people in conditions of impact of harmful substances [9, 12].

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The considered types of military activity confirm an urgency of application of methods of sanitary-and-hygienic normalization with the purpose:

References

1.The Law of Ukraine about the protection of the population and territory from the extreme situations of technogenic and natural character (in Ukrainian)

2.The Law of Ukraine about the area of extreme ecological situation (in Ukrainian)

3.Decree of the Parliament of Ukraine about the main directions of the government policy of Ukraine in the branch of the environmental protection, use of natural resources and securing of ecological safety, 05.03.98 ʋ 188/98-BP (in Ukrainian)

4.Decree of the Parliament of Ukraine about the conception of the state regulation of the safety and management of nuclear branch of Ukraine, 25.01.94 ʋ 3871-XII (in Ukrainian)

5.Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine about the approval Composite programme the radioactive wastes treatment of 29.04.96 ʋ 480 (with changes, made by Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine 05.04.99 ʋ 542 (in Ukrainian)

6.Decree of the President of Ukraine 23.02.2000 about the primary measures of the implementation of the Message of the President of Ukraine to the Parliament of Ukraine "Ukraine, entrance into XXI century. Strategy of economic and social development for 2000-2004" (in Ukrainian)

7.Charter about the particular partnership between Ukraine and Organisation of the North Atlantic Treaty, 09.07.97, Madrid (Spain) (in Ukrainian)

8.Yu. Izrael. Ecology and control of environment. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat, 1984 (in Russian)

9.A. Kachinsky. Risk concept in the context of ecological security of Ukraine. National institute of strategic research. Vol. 14, Kyiv, 1993 (in Ukrainian)

10.A. Kachinsky. Modern problems of ecological security of Ukraine. National institute of strategic research. Vol. 33, Kyiv, 1994 (in Ukrainian)

11.A. Kachinsky,O. Lavrinenko. War in Yugoslavia as a technogenic ecological catastrophe. Strategichna Panorama, Vol. 1-2, 2000 (in Ukrainian)

12.A. Kachinsky, O. Nakonechny. Stability of ecosystems and problem of standardization in the ecological security of Ukraine. National institute of strategic research. Series “Ecological security”, Vol. 1, Kyiv, 1996 (in Ukrainian)

13.A. Kachinsky, G.Khmil’. Ecological security of Ukraine: analysis, estimation and state policy. National institute of strategic research. Series “Ecological security”, Vol. 3, Kyiv, 1997 (in Ukrainian)

14.S.Zgourets. Start-1, or steeplechase. Narodna Armiya, 23.12.1999 (in Ukrainian)

15.V. Kovalevsky. Concept of evaluation ecological stay the military sites. Proceedings. Defence technologies, Vol.1, Kyiv 1998 (in Ukrainian)

16.V. Litovkin. Second Chernobyl matures at the missile shafts (?) of Ukraine. Izvestia, 16.2.1993 (in Russian)

17.O. Saltykov. Ecological standardization. Problems and perspectives. Ecologia, - 1989, #3 (in Russian)

18.The State programme of the Ukrainian Armed Forces reform and development until 200

19.V. Kovalevskyi, Radiological control and monitoring on the military installation sites in Ukraine. General approaches, SCOPE-RADSITE 12-14.11.98, “Radioactivity from Military Installation sites and Effects on Population Health”, Brussels, Belgium

20.E. Prohach. The ecology of nuclear disarmament. (scientific report). The World of Security VIII, International Institute on Global and Regional Security, Kyiv, 1995

LANDSCAPE CRITICALITY INDEXES FOR THE DIFFERENT POLLUTANTS

N. GRYTSYUK

Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology,

7, Mashynobudivnykiv St. Chabany, Kyiv prov. 255207 UKRAINE root@inrad..kiev.ua

V. DAVYDCHUK

Institute of Geography, National Academy of Sciences, 44 Volodymyrska St. 01034 Kyiv, UKRAINE chornob@geogr.freenet.kiev.ua

1. Introduction

Landscape can be defined as a multidimensional and multileveled spatial structure, which unites systematically such natural components as an earth crust with its lithology and relief, ground water, air, vegetation cower and animal population, as well as a soil, which is a result of their interaction. Landscape plays a role for an environment and can be characterized by a number of geochemical parameters, which reflect pathways, barriers, fluxes and balances of redistribution for the different substances, including pollutants. So both a primary and secondary contamination field is forming and evolving within the landscape, under influence of the landscape factors.

This permits use of the landscape approach for the monitoring of different pollutants and further evolution of the ecological situation, for the identification of the ecologically vulnerable landscapes.

Generally the landscape approach in ecotoxicology means a substantiation of the influence of the the sum of natural factors, which evolve themselves (relief, lithology, soil and vegetation cover, geochemical pathways and barriers), on the migration and accumulation of the pollutants, and identification of some areas, which are critical by the combination of these factors.

2. Landscape criticality factors

From this point of view, the criticality of landscape is a result of co-influence of the negative natural factors, which cause the pollutant accumulation at the geochemical barriers, or their intensive biogenic migration and accumulation by the biomass. As the landscape is positioned at the initial link of the trophic/food chain, its criticality reflects the potential risk of the pollutant bioavailability.

Because of chemical similarity of the number of technogenic pollutants (radionuclides and heavy metals etc.), the same methodological approach can be used in ecotoxicology. The ecotoxicological criticality of the landscapes can be defined via indexes of the pollutant balances for the elements of landscape structure and intensity of their biogenic migration.

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F. Brechignac and G. Desmet (eds.), Equidosimetry, 361–368.

© 2005 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.

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Table 1. Means of the 137Cs TF to the phytomass of the natural and cultivated grass at the different landscape areals

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Results of studies of the 137Cs soil-plant transfer factor dependence upon landscape structure of the area show that such integral characteristic of biogenic radionuclide migration as TF correlates strongly with the landscape structure of the

territory. Consequent analysis and summarising of data allowed to obtaining the following table as an algorithm for the legend to TF map elaboration on the base of the

landscape approach.

4. Some evaluations and applications

Data presented in the Table 1 show, that the lowest criticality is specified for automorphous landscapes with low TF values, their meanings mount to 0,1-0,2 for sown grasses, and 0,2-0,3 for natural meadow coenoses. They were estimated for soddy-podzolic sandy loamy and loamy non-gleic soils of the river terraces and moraine-fluvioglacial plains. These soils of the Northern Ukrainian Woodland are characterised by the highest natural fertility and favourable water-physical properties. Moreover, these soils are typical for landscape areals occupying relatively raised, well drained locations with relatively good conditions of surface washing-off and additive potential of self-cleaning from radionuclides due to horizontal outflow during a longterm period. These areals as low critical ones with regard to radiological aspect could be considered as mostly attractive ones for the rehabilitation activity.

Average TF values equal to 0,2-1,0 for sown grasses and 0,3-3,0 for natural meadows are usual to soddy-podzolic sandy loam and loamy gleic soils, soddy-podzolic sandy soils gleic to different extent and alluvial soddy gleic loamy soils. This group includes soils significantly differed by the fertility and their position in landscape. The third group includes soils with highest values of TF, as peaty gleic, peat bog and alluvial peat bog soils. Transfer factor values in these soils mount to 3,0-10,0 for sown grasses and 10,0-80 for meadow coenosis. Alluvial soddy gleic sandy soils draw near to organogenic alluvial ones by high TF values. So, the highest level of radiological criticacy is characteristic for landscape areals in low located territories of hydromorphic type. Level of hydromorphism (automorphism) is determined not only by the type of soil, but also by the location in a relief, its hydrological regime, and the type of plant association. By whole natural properties these areals are considered to be little suitable for use even in conditions of low radioactive contamination.

Extent of soil cultivation influences significantly on 137Cs plant to soils transfer. At the same landscape conditions 137Cs TF for sown grasses on cultivated soils and in natural coenosis on non-cultivated ones can differ more than two orders of magnitude.

Data obtained show that the same radiological criticality level can be observed for landscape areals with types of soils and plant association sufficiently different, formed in various types of relief, but similar by the edaphic (grooving) conditions - fertility and humidity of soils. This fact shows, that the landscape influence due to completeness of natural factors is very important, hence it is very difficult to reveal the mostly important one. The last one concerns meadow coenoses especially, characterised by wide ecological amplitude.

The next step, predetermined by estimated regularity between TF and landscape structure of territory, became the cartographic interpretation of the factor values space distribution on the base of the landscape map. On the table data are

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5. Conclusion

The effect of the landscape indication permits a reliable inter-component crossidentification within the landscape. Thus, the landscape approach to the evaluation the criticality indexes can be used for the radioecological evaluations, even if the

environmental characteristics of the territory affected are limited or non-reliable. The approach seems to be useful also in the general ecotoxicology, as the behaviour

characteristics of any pollutant of interest can be easily adopted.

6. References

1.Grytsyuk N. Dependence of Cs137 transfer factor for grass on the landscape structure of territory. Visnyk Agrarnych Nauk,. ¹ 4, 2001, p.97-99 (in Ukrainian)

2.Davydchuk V., Cs-137 balance in the Chornobyl exclusion zone. Ukrainian Geographic Journal, 1996, ¹1, p.39-44.

3.Davydchuk V., Zaroudna R. et al. Landscapes of Chernobyl zone and their estimation on the radionuclides migration conditions. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1994, 112 p. (in Russian).

4.Sorokina L. On accumulation of Cs137 by phytocomponents of forest ecosystems depending on edaphic conditions. Ukrainian Geographic Journal, 1996, ¹1, pp. 44-48(in Ukrainian)