What is Automation?

Automation may be said to be a modern term signifying the use of machines to do work that formerly had to be done by people. What used to be called automation?

The machine that automatically makes, inspects and packs 1.200 cigarettes a minute can do nothing else. It is a one-purpose machine as there are many of others.

But the digital computer seems to be versatile and can be used as the brains for automating a wide variety of work where figuring, remembering and making logical choices are required. The computer proves to be only a very high speed adding and subtracting machine. It is unlikely to be the thinking machine as it is sometimes called. Everything it does other than adding and subtracting is the result of man’s ingenuity.

The design of newer equipment with greater usefulness and capabilities is said to be bringing about an ever increasing growth in the development of control equipment. The reason is twofold. Firstly automatic controls relieve man of many monotonous activities so that he can devote his abilities to other occupation. Secondly modern complex controls can perform functions which are beyond the physical abilities of man. Foe example, an elaborated automatic control system operates the engine of a modern jet airplane with only a minimum amount of the pilot’s attention, so that he is free to fly his airplane.

Mention should be made that the design and development of automatic control systems is a principal concern of an engineer. In recent years we know automatic control systems to have been rapidly advancing in importance in all fields of engineering. The applications of control system are known to cover a very wide scope, ranging from the design of precision control devices such as sensitive instrument to the design of the equipment used for controlling the manufacture of steel or other industrial processes. New applications for arranging automatic controls are continually being discovered.

History of Industrial Robotics

George Devol received the first patents for robotics in 1954. The first company to produce an industrial robot was Unimation, founded by George Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger in 1956, and was based on Devol's original patents. Unimation robots were also called programmable transfer machines since their main use at first was to transfer objects from one point to another, less than a dozen feet or so apart. They used hydraulic actuators and were programmed in joint coordinates, i.e. the angles of the various joints were stored during a teaching phase and replayed in operation. For some time Unimation's only competitor was Cincinnati Milacron Inc. of Ohio. This changed radically in the late 1970swhen several big Japanese conglomerates began producing similar industrial robots. Unimation had obtained patents in the United States but not in Japan who refused to abide by international patent laws, so their designs were copied.

In 1969 Victor Scheinman at Stanford University invented the Stanford arm, an all-electric, 6-axis articulated robot designed to permit an arm solution. This allowed the robot to accurately follow arbitrary paths in space and widened the potential use of the robot to more sophisticated applications such as assembly and arc welding. Scheinman then designed a second arm for the MIT AI Lab, called the "MIT arm." Sheinman sold his designs to Unimation who further developed it with support from General Motors and later sold it as the Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly (PUMA). In 1973 KUKA Robotics built its first industrial robot, known as FAMULUS, this is the first articulated industrial robot to have six electromechanically driven axes.

Interest in industrial robotics swelled in the late 1970s and many companies entered the field, including large firms like General Electricc, and General Motors (which formed joint venture FANUC Robotics with FANUC LTD of Japan). US start-ups included Automatix and Adept Technology, Inc. At the height of the robot boom in 1984, Unimation was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporation for 107 million US dollars. Westinghouse sold Unimation to Stäubli Faverges SCA of France in 1988. Stäubli was still making articulated robots for general industrial and clean room applications as of 2004 and even bought the robotic division of Bosch in late 2004.

Eventually the myopic vision of American industry was superceded by the financial resources and strong domestic market enjoyed by the Japanese manufacturers. Only a few non-Japanese companies managed to survive in this market, including Adept Technology, Stäubli-Unimation, the Swedish-Swiss company ABB (ASEA Brown-Boveri), the Austrian manufacturer igm Robotersysteme AG and the German company KUKA Robotics.