Глава 1. Активный залог. Настоящее время.

Помимо настоящего, прошедшего и будущего времени, условно, в английском языке можно выделить три основных временных направления, которые определяются соответствующими им грамматическими конструкциями/образованиями, это – регулярно повторяющиеся действия, законы (например, “Он достаточно часто/никогда не ездит в зарубежные командировки.”); процесс, длительное действие; и совершенное, законченное действие (например, “В данный момент они обсуждают основные проблемы реорганизации своего предприятия.”), действие завершенное к какому-либо моменту (например, “Они уже обсудили основные проблемы реорганизации своего предприятия.”).

Таблица настоящих времен Действительного залога (The Active Voice, Present Tenses)

Indefinite (=Simple)	Continuous (Progressive)	Perfect
используется для передачи регулярно повторяющегося действия в настоящем времени; часто используются такие обстоятельства времени как always всегда, often часто, almost every day практически каждый день, sometimes иногда, one time a month/once a month один раз в месяц, seldom редко, never никогда и т.д. для глагола to be и образованных с его помощью составных глаголов (например, “to be late”) в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения глагол “to be” принимает следующие формы: I am (’m) H e She is (’s) It Y ou We are (’re) They Mr.Brown (/He) is hard-working. Your subordinates (/They) are always late to work. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется глагол-сказуемое “to be” в соответствующей форме. Mr.Brown (/He) is not (/isn’t) hard-working. Your subordinates (/They) are not (/aren’t) always late to work. Is Mr.Brown (/he) hard-working? Are t your subordinates (/they) always late to work? для всех глаголов, кроме глагола ”to be” и образованных с его помощью составных глаголов в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения глагол ставится в первой форме, либо к первой форме глагола добавляется окончание “-s/-es”. Исключение составляет глагол. “to have”, который в случае необходимой трансформации принимает форму “has”. I, you, we they I ф.гл. He, she, it I ф.гл.+ окончание “-s/-es” Mr.Brown (/He) works hard. Your subordinates (/They) always come to work on time. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм в зависимости от подлежащего используется вспомогательный глагол “do/does” в сочетании с основным глаголом действия в первой форме с нулевым окончанием. Mr.Brown (/He) does not (/doesn’t) work□ hard. Your subordinates (/They) do not (/don’t) always come□ to work on time. Does Mr.Brown (/he) work□ hard? Do your subordinates (/they) always come to work on time?	используется для передачи процесса, длительного действия, происходящего в момент говорения, в настоящий момент времени. При этом акцент делается на самом действии, а не на продолжительности (время, в течение которого данный процесс происходит не указывается). Часто используются такие обстоятельства времени как now сейчас, at the moment в данный момент (времени). Иногда, показателем к использованию данного грамматического времени являются такие фразы как “Look!/Do you see…?”, etc. Исключение: в данном времени не используются глаголы…. be + V –ing (глагол в I форме с окончанием -ing ) в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения глагол “to be” принимает следующие формы и конструкция принимает вид: I am V-ing H e She is V-ing It Y ou We are V-ing They Look! Mr.Brown (/He) is reading your report now. Your subordinates (/They) are discussing it now. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “to be” в соответствующей форме. Mr.Brown (/He) is not (/isn’t) reading your report now. Your subordinates (/They) are not (/aren’t) discussing it now. Is Mr.Brown (/he) reading your report now? Are your subordinates (/they) discussing it now?	используется для передачи совершенного/завершенного действия к данному моменту времени. Обычно выражается глаголом совершенного вида, отвечающего на вопрос “что сделать?”. Используется для передачи/сообщения фактов. Говорящий акцентирует внимание не на времени совершения действия, а на его завершенности, на том, что имело место быть (в жизни), факты, к данному моменту. Часто используется с такими обстоятельствами времени как already уже, yet еще (только в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях), just только что, by the moment/by now к данному/настоящему моменту времени, this week на этой неделе и т.д. have + III ф.гл. в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения вспомогательный глагол “to have” принимает соответствующую форму и конструкция принимает вид: H e She It has + III ф.гл. (’s + III ф.гл.) I You have + III ф.гл. We They (’ve + III ф.гл.) Mr.Brown (/He) has just made a report. Your subordinates (/They) have just left. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется глагол “to have” в соответствующей форме. Mr.Brown (/He) has not (/hasn’t) made a report yet. Your subordinates (/They) have not (haven’t) left yet. Has Mr.Brown (/he) made a report already? Have your subordinates (/they) already left?
	be + V –ing (глагол в I форме с окончанием -ing ) в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения глагол “to be” принимает следующие формы и конструкция принимает вид: I am V-ing H e She is V-ing It Y ou We are V-ing They Look! Mr.Brown (/He) is reading your report now. Your subordinates (/They) are discussing it now. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “to be” в соответствующей форме. Mr.Brown (/He) is not (/isn’t) reading your report now. Your subordinates (/They) are not (/aren’t) discussing it now. Is Mr.Brown (/he) reading your report now? Are your subordinates (/they) discussing it now?	have + III ф.гл. в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения вспомогательный глагол “to have” принимает соответствующую форму и конструкция принимает вид: H e She has + III ф.гл. (’s + III ф.гл.) It I You have + III ф.гл. (’ve + III ф.гл.) We They Mr.Brown (/He) has just made a report. Your subordinates (/They) have just left. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется глагол “to have” в соответствующей форме. Mr.Brown (/He) has not (/hasn’t) made a report yet. Your subordinates (/They) have not (haven’t) left yet. Has Mr.Brown (/he) made a report already? Have your subordinates (/they) already left?

Ex.1 Translate from English into Russian.

Our factory produces more than 10000 machines a month and this year we have reached the peak.

Nowadays many companies are competing to get the largest market share and to become the leaders or even monopolists.

Every year we deal with a problem of counterfeiting and try to develop some new measures of protectionism.

We have studied recent trends on the market and now can say that most companies are trying to become global ones. And as everybody knows globalization influences much the competition between companies and organizations.

As everybody here knows at the moment we are working on the problem of increasing our factory’s productivity and as a result maximizing profits. We have already ordered some new up-to-date equipment and the next step is to teach the employees how to work with it.

– Are national or international products dominating the local market at the moment?

-- The research shows that there is though competition on the market nowadays and our government takes strong actions to protect local producers especially infant and strategic industries from overseas ones.

– Why are you loyal to this brand?

-- Because I appreciate value for money and want to buy high-quality, reliable goods.

Our business is expanding very fast: we have already broken into international market and now are trying to enhance the standing.

– Where have you got/found this TV-set’s model?

-- As you know nowadays there is a wide range of different nets and retail outlets, but my friends and I always buy all the technics in “A”-shop.

She doesn’t tend to buy branded goods because in this case you pay 2 or 3 times more just for the brand name what doesn’t always mean the quality, not everyone can afford it.

Ex.2 Open the brackets choosing the right grammar tense.

Example 1:

Customers (to be loyal to) our brand, because we (to produce) high-quality goods.

Customers are loyal to our brand, because we produce high-quality goods.

Example 2:

you (to see) our manager today?

Yes, I have. He (to work) on the report at the moment.

Have you seen our manager today?

Yes, I have. He is working on the report at the moment.

It (to be) a very well-known fact that counterfeiting (to damage) the brand image.

you (to know) the results of the research? Our sales (to increase) by almost 15% this month.

– Do you send your subordinates to any training courses?

-- Of course. Nowadays everything is developing so fast, that we always need to improve our

qualification.

Nobody denies the fact that we have lost a lot this month. That’s why now we are trying to develop some new strategy to recover.

Our competitors have launched a new products and it is really popular with the customers.

Every year we invest much money in some IT-s, but this year we haven’t, because now we are opening 2 new branches and have much losses.

Nowadays consumers appreciate value for money and we should try our best to meet their needs.

The Head of our company encourages discipline and he dismisses/fires everyone who undermines it and doesn’t follow the company’s policy/rules.

We have never faced such problem before. So, at the moment our company is working with the group of specialists in this area who are able to solve it.

Such investment in this start-up company seems to be a very risky one. Nobody but for you has invested in it. Why have you done it?

Our manager has taken all the CV-s received. I suppose, at the moment he is studying them and choosing which (of the) candidates to invite to the interview.

Our department has carried out some market research and now we are calculating all the figures and sum up the results to present them at the Board if Directors meeting.

To increase productivity we have equipped our offices with the latest computer systems, and at the moment some of the staff are studying at the training courses to be able to work with it.

They have never paid much attention to their product’s package image, that’s why now they are loosing sales just for this reason.

Every person knows the proverb “No pain, no gain”.

Ex.3 Make questions to the sentences.

Example:

My colleague speaks French very well.

Общий вопрос: Does my colleague speak French very well?

Разделительный вопрос: My colleague speaks French very well, doesn’t he?

Альтернативный вопрос: Does my or his colleague speak French very well?

Does my colleague or sister speak French very well?

Does my colleague speak French or English very well? и т.д.

Специальный вопрос:

(what) What language does my colleague speak very well?

(how) How does my colleague speak French?

(how well) How well does my colleague speak French?

Специальный вопрос к подлежащему и словам, связанным с подлежащим:

Who speaks French very well?

Whose colleague speaks French very well?

The Ford-factory produces about 350000 cars a year.

“A”-company is running a new advertising campaign now in Novgorod.

The supplier has changed the delivery date.

They have never conducted negotiations through the Internet/video-conference.

Not everyone is familiar with these technologies.

The representatives of this company are working on all the exhibitions.

I’m trying to persuade our director to start reorganisation a bit later.

He works 8 hours a day.

They have launched a new product under the same brand-name.

To attract customers they have introduced some discount-system.

Most travellers prefer flying by plane because it’s faster than anything else.

Our employees get bonuses for some outstanding achievements they’ve made.

We are searching the Internet.

Ex.4 Translate from Russian into English.

Представитель этой компании всегда летает бизнес классом.

- Чем занимается ваша компания?

- Мы поставляем оборудование для фабрик и заводов нашего региона.

– Вы всегда принимаете участие в такого рода выставках?

-- Честно говоря, мы никогда прежде не участвовали, это – первый раз.

-- Кто отвечает за подбор персонала в вашей компании?

-- Обычно этим занимается наш менеджер по персоналу, но сейчас он в отпуске.

– Над/С чем вы сейчас работаете?

-- Мы сравниваем данные по продажам в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге.

В соответствии с (полученным) отчетом спрос на нашу продукцию возрос в 2 раза.

– Как часто вы обновляете свою базу данных?

-- Мы стараемся проводить ежемесячную коррекцию. Но в этом месяце мы еще не успели внести все необходимые изменения.

Наши заводы сейчас работают на полную мощность, чтобы/так как мы хотим выполнить установленный/обозначенный/намеченный план вовремя/в срок.

– Каково положение дел с проектом нового бизнес-центра?

-- Наша группа уже разработала проект реконструкции этого комплекса. Сейчас мы обзваниваем строительные компании, которые работают с предложенными инновационными материалами. Обычно весь подготовительный этап занимает не более недели.

– На что у нас самые большие затраты на сегодняшний день?

-- Это транспортировка груза.

Таблица будущих времен Действительного залога (The Active Voice, Future Tenses)

Конструкция “to be going to”

Indefinite (=Simple)	Continuous (Progressive)	Perfect
используется для передачи однократного или повторяющегося действия в будущем времени; часто используются такие обстоятельства времени как tomorrow завтра, the day after tomorrow послезавтра, next week/year/etc. на следующей неделе, в следующем году и т.д., in 2 days через 2 дня и т.д.	используется для передачи процесса, длительного действия, которое будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем. Часто используются такие обстоятельства времени как tomorrow at 2 o’clock завтра в 2 часа, tomorrow from 2 to 3 завтра с 2 до 3, all through the next week всю следующую неделю и т.д.	используется для передачи завершенного, законченного действия к определенному моменту времени в будущем. Говорящий акцентирует внимание не на времени совершения действия, а на его завершенности к тому или иному моменту времени. Часто используется с такими обстоятельствами времени как tomorrow/next week/etc. by … завтра/на следующей неделе/т.д. к …, а также с в сочетании с придаточным предложением, например, before something happens…прежде чем что-то произойдет, и т.д.
в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения используется вспомогательный глагол shall (с первым лицом единственного и множественного числа) и will (со всеми остальными) в сочетании с первой формой основного глагола действия. В современном разговорном иностранном языке допускается использовать во всех случаях вспомогательный глагол will. I, we shall+I ф.гл. He, she, it, you, they will+I ф.гл. My friend and I (/We) shall work next weekend. Our colleagues (/They) will come to work in 2 hours. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “shall/will” в сочетании с основным глаголом действия в первой форме с нулевым окончанием. My friend and I (/We) shall not (/shan’t) work next weekend. Our colleagues (/They) will not (/won’t) come to work in 2 hours. Shall my friend and I (/we) work next weekend? Will our colleagues (/they) come to work in 2 hours?	в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения используется вспомогательный глагол shall (с первым лицом единственного и множественного числа) и will (со всеми остальными) в сочетании с be + V–ing (глагол в I форме с окончанием -ing ) I, we shall+be+V-ing H e She will+be+V-ing It Y ou We will+be+V-ing They My friend and I (/We) shall be working on this problem at 3 p.m. tomorrow. Our colleagues (/They) will be checking the documents from 2 to 3 tomorrow. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “shall/will” в сочетании с be + V–ing . My friend and I (/We) shall not (/shan’t) be working on this problem at 3 p.m. tomorrow. Our colleagues (/They) will not (/won’t) be checking the documents from 2 to 3 tomorrow. Shall my friend and I (/we) be working on this problem at 3 p.m. tomorrow? Will our colleagues (/they) be checking the documents from 2 to 3 tomorrow?	в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения используется вспомогательный глагол shall (с первым лицом единственного и множественного числа) и will (со всеми остальными) в сочетании с have + III ф.гл. I,we shall+have + III ф.гл. He, she it You,we, they will+have+III ф.гл. My friend and I (/We) shall have made a report by 2 p.m. tomorrow. Your subordinates (/They) will have already left by the time you arrive. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “shall/will” в сочетании с have + III ф.гл. My friend and I (/We) shall not (/shan’t)have made a report by 2 p.m. tomorrow. Your subordinates (/They) will not (/won’t) have already left by the time you arrive. Shall my friend and I (/we) have made a report by 2 p.m. tomorrow? Will your subordinates (/they) have already left by the time you arrive?
Конструкция “to be going to…” В английском языке часто для передачи будущего действия, намерения его совершить, используется конструкция “to be going to…”, которая в русском языке соответствует значению “собираться что-то сделать” (глагол действия, которое собираются совершить, ставится в первой форме). В зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения конструкция принимает следующие формы: I am going to+I ф.гл. H e She is going to+I ф.гл. It Y ou We are going to+I ф.гл. They My friend and I (/We) are going to work next weekend. Our colleague (/He) is going to leave in 2 hours. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “to be” в соответствующей форме. My friend and I (/We) are not (aren’t) going to work next weekend. Our colleague (/He) is not (isn’t) going to leave in 2 hours. Are my friend and I (/we) going to work next weekend? Is our colleague (/he) going to leave in 2 hours? Are t your subordinates (/they) always late to work?

Ex.1 Translate from English into Russian.

Next year we are going to set up a new subsidiary in Murmansk.

We will invite some specialist to help us carry out some market research and to define the products’ categories which we will distribute to that region.

Can you help me tomorrow? I will be interviewing the candidates to join the project from 2 to 5 p.m. and you are the most qualified in testing.

The engineering group will have managed this project only by the 21st of May.

We will be having the conference all through the next week. When will you be able to make a report?

Mrs. Smith won’t be present at the meeting because at 3 p.m. she will be conducting negotiations with our suppliers from Germany.

Our company is going to organize some team-building seminars next Monday and Tuesday. Will you join us?

We’ll see. They say, they will have done/finished all the reorganization by the end of this week.

As I know, the distributers are going to reduce costs on their service.

-- Will you be free this evening? I’m going to arrive to the office and clear up some details concerned/about the contract with Mr.Tommy.

-- This evening I will be still working on the presentation for the Board of Directors’ meeting, so I’ll be very busy with it. And everything on the Holland’s deal will have been ready only by Friday. Can we meet then?

Ex.2 Open the brackets choosing the right grammar tense.

Example 1:

We (to make) a 20% discount and customers (to buy) the product.

We will/shall make/are going to make a 20% discount and customers will buy the product.

Example 2:

you (to see) our manager today?

Yes, I ___. He (to be) at work in an hour.

Are you going to see our manager today?/ Will you see our manager today?

Yes, I am. He will be at work in an hour./ Yes, I will. He will be at work in an hour.

What (to change) we? First it (to be) the package, so we (to invite) some designers.

We (to consider) all your suggestions/offers and (to make) a decision what is worth doing.

the contract (to be signed) by the weekend?

-- What you (to do) from the midday to 3 o’clock tomorrow.

-- I (to have) a talk with Mr. Brown at around 2 p.m., but I’m not sure if he is at work or at the meeting at that time.

you (to set up) you own business? What sphere it (to be)?

“A”-company (to run) an advertising campaign all through the next 3 days. As I’ve heard, they (to organize) a concert and (to invite) some overseas celebrities.

they (to specialize) in wholesale or retailing?

I suppose, in a year we (to become) a sole distributor in this region, and by the end of 2010 we (to have) our branches and subsidiaries all over the Europe.

Our company (to sign) a great deal and (to establish) long-term relations in future.

-- What the price (to depend on)?

-- Of course, much (to depend on) terms of delivery.

Ex.3 Make questions to the sentences.

Example:

You will discuss it with your colleagues later.

Общий вопрос: Will you discuss it with your colleagues later?

Разделительный вопрос: You will discuss it with your colleagues later, won't you?

Альтернативный вопрос: Will you or Mr.Brown discuss it with your colleagues later?

Will you discuss it with your colleagues later or not? и т.д.

Специальный вопрос:

(what) What will you discuss with your colleagues later?

(when) When will you discuss it with your colleagues?

(with whom) With whom will you discuss it later?

(who … with) Who will you discuss it later with?

Специальный вопрос к подлежащему и словам, связанным с подлежащим:

Who will discuss it with your colleagues later?

The mobile phone market will be rapidly increasing/developing (during) the following/coming year.

Next month they are going to launch the new product they have developed.

By the end of the week all the shareholders will have received a copy of the annual report.

At 5 p.m. my colleague and I will be checking all the equipment for the tomorrow conference.

Due to the staff always being late/lateness our boss/Head is going to introduce some new rules and regulations concerned discipline.

The supervisor interfering in the data processing department will be on business trip next week.

The representative of the “A”-company will tell how we can benefit using their innovation.

Your regular absenteeism at the working place will lead only to overtime work of the whole team/all the team.

He will demand to participate in management of the company and/but not be a sleeping partner.

Ex.4 Translate from Russian into English.

Наша компания постарается взять кредит на развитие предприятия по доступной/приемлемой ставке.

В качестве залога за кредит они собираются предоставить все имеющееся оборудование.

Эта рекламная акция продлится не долго, полагаю, что к концу следующей недели она уже закончится/завершится.

Вы поедете в командировку, а мы будем продолжать работать по планированию/над планированием бюджета на предстоящий год.

Мы не собираемся вкладывать деньги в акции данного/этого предприятия, так как считаем, что на этом мы не получим большую прибыль/это будет не очень выгодным вложением/будет не совсем/очень выгодно.

Те сотрудники, которые не будут следовать политике нашей компании/установленной корпоративной этике/этическому коду и подрывать дисциплину, будут уволены. К 5 часам собрание уже закончится/завершится и мы сможем обсудить с Вами все возникшие у Вас вопросы.

Как мы собираемся бороться с жесткой конкуренцией на рынке? Прежде всего мы разработаем более гибкую систему скидок и снизим цены на наиболее социально-значимые товары.

Ни одна компания не будет в состоянии разрешить такую ситуацию всего за 2 дня. Но мы постараемся сделать все от нас зависящее, чтобы восстановиться/вернуться в нормальное русло/устранить неполадки/решить вопрос как можно быстрее.

-- Кто сможет завтра присутствовать на собрании в качестве представителя нашего отдела?

-- М-ра Брауна не будет на работе, так как он болен, у м-ра Смита – выходной. Думаю, мы попросим/обратимся с этим к мисс Томми.

– Как вы успеете добраться сюда сегодня к 18:00?

-- Мы постараемся купить билеты на ближайший рейс.

Таблица прошедших времен Действительного залога (The Active Voice, Past Tenses)

Indefinite (=Simple)	Continuous (Progressive)	Perfect
используется для передачи действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом; часто используются такие обстоятельства времени как yesterday вчера, the day before yesterday позавчера, last week/month/etc. на прошлой неделе, в прошлом месяце и т.д., 2 days/… ago 2 дня/… назад, in 1879 в 1879 году и т.д.	используется для передачи процесса, длительного незаконченного действия, происходящего в определенный момент в прошлом. Часто используются такие обстоятельства времени как yesterday at 2 o’clock вчера в 2 часа, yesterday from 2 to 3 вчера с 2 до 3, и т.д. Также время может быть определено с помощью придаточного предложения, например, when he entered the room… когда он вошел в комнату… Исключение: в данном времени не используются глаголы….	используется для передачи совершенного/завершенного действия к определенному моменту в прошлом. Говорящий акцентирует внимание не на времени совершения действия, а на его завершенности. Часто используется с такими обстоятельствами времени как yesterday by 3 o’clock вчера к трем часам, by that time к тому времени, а также с в сочетании с придаточным предложением в прошедшем времени, например, before something happened…прежде чем что-то произошло, и т.д.
для глагола to be и образованных с его помощью составных глаголов (например, “to be late”) в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения глагол “to be” ставится во вторую форму принимает вид: I was He, She, It was You, We, They were Mr.Brown (/He) was at work 2 hours ago. Last month your subordinates (/they) were always late to work. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется глагол-сказуемое “to be” в соответствующей форме. Mr.Brown (/He) was not (/wasn’t) at work 2 hours ago. Last month your subordinates (/They) were not (/weren’t) always late to work. Was Mr.Brown (/he) at work 2 hours ago? Were your subordinates (/they) always late to work last month?	was/were+V–ing (глагол в I форме с окончанием -ing ) в зависимости от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения вспомогательный глагол “to be” ставится форму прошедшего времени и конструкция принимает вид: I was+V-ing He, She, It was+V-ing You, We, They were+V-ing At 3 o’clock yesterday Mr.Brown (/he) was making a report. When I entered the room, your subordinates (/they) were discussing something. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “to be” во второй форме, соответствующей подлежащему. At 3 o’clock yesterday Mr.Brown (/he) was not (/wasn’t) making a report. When I entered the room, your subordinates (/they) were not (/weren’t) discussing something. Was Mr.Brown (/he) making a report at 3 o’clock yesterday? Were your subordinates (/they) discussing anything when I entered the room?	had + III ф.гл. независимо от подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения вспомогательный глагол “to have” принимает форму прошедшего времени “had”и конструкция принимает вид: I, He, She, It, You, We, They had + III ф.гл. Mr.Brown (/He) had already left by the time I phoned. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол“haв”. Mr.Brown (/He) had not (/hadn’t) left yet by the time I phoned. Had Mr.Brown (/he) already left by the time I phoned?
для всех глаголов, кроме глагола ”to be” и образованных с его помощью составных глаголов независимо от лица и числа подлежащего и соответствующего ему местоимения глагол ставится во вторую форму. Mr.Brown (/He) wrote this book 1 year ago. Your subordinates (/They) came to work on time yesterday. Для образования отрицательной и вопросительной форм используется вспомогательный глагол “did” в сочетании с основным глаголом действия в первой форме с нулевым окончанием. Mr.Brown (/He) did not (/didn’t) write this book 1 year ago. Your subordinates (/They) did not (/didn’t) come to work on time yesterday. Did Mr.Brown (/he) write this book 1 year ago? Did your subordinates (/they) come to work on time yesterday?

Ex.1 Translate from English into Russian.

Last year our products were sold really well and we made a huge profit.

By the end of 2008 our sales had doubled.

By the time I arrived to our head-office, Mr. Brown had already left.

When I joined the presentation, my colleague was sharing his ideas about/on introducing new technologies.

Yesterday we were discussing the ways to solve the problem with the delivery during almost 3 hours. And why didn’t you inform me about these changes?

In 2004 he set up his own business and 5 years later he got the leading position on the market.

During the meeting the secretary was making/taking notes for the minutes.

The speaker had given us the agenda before the meeting started to get familiar with all the key points.

When our manager entered the room we were discussing the necessity of introducing dress-code.

What really happened 3 years ago when there was an economic boom on the market?

Before Mr. Brown signed the contract he had read it once more time to check all the details.

Ex.2 Open the brackets choosing the right grammar tense.

Example 1:

We (to talk) about the redundancy problem when Mr. Brown (to come in).

We were talking about the redundancy problem when Mr. Brown came in.

Example 2:

you (to see) our HR-manager in the morning?

Yes, I ___. He (to be) at work at about 9 o’clock already. But by 14:00 he (to leave).

Did you see our HR-manager in the morning?

Yes, I did. He was at work at about 9 o’clock already. But by 2 p.m. he had left.

By the end of the last year our workforce (to double).

-- Have you already prepared all the documents I (to give) you yesterday?

-- Yes, I have. I (to send) you them 3 hours ago.

Who you (to talking with) when I (to meet) you in the hall during the break.

How much money (to spend) on the promotion last summer?

Before we (to go) to negotiations we (to made) a list of questions concerned the deal.

Mrs. Tommy (not to know) what to do, so she (to go to/to deal with) the consultant/specialist/supplier/distributer/headquarters.

-- Why you (to be late) for the meeting yesterday?

-- (Because) when I (to leave) the office, I (to remember) that Mr. Brown (to leave) some documents on my desk to pass you/ some documents for you on my desk.

Last month our company (to underperform) because of too little expenditures on introducing new technologies and too big losses on promotion.

They (to can) easily adapt to changes, there (to be) no doubt about it!

Nobody (to expect)/ We (not to expect) him to fail the deal just because of misunderstanding.

You (to set) us impossible deadlines, so we (to work) overtime all the week.

Ex.3 Make questions to the sentences.

Example:

His colleague wrote this book 2 years ago.

Общий вопрос: Did his colleague write this book 2 years ago?

Разделительный вопрос: His colleague wrote this book 2 years ago, didn’t he?

Альтернативный вопрос: Did his or her colleague write this book 2 years ago?

Did his colleague write or read this book 2 years ago?

Did his colleague write this book 2 or 4 years ago?

Специальный вопрос:

(what) What did his colleague write 2 years ago?

(when) When did his colleague write this book?

(how long ago) How long ago did his colleague write this book?

(how many years ago) How many years ago did his colleague write this book?

Специальный вопрос к подлежащему и словам, связанным с подлежащим:

(whose) Whose colleague wrote this book 2 years ago?

(who) Who wrote this book 2 years ago?

During the economic crisis many companies had a dip in sales.

After they had merged their sales/profit increased by almost 40%.

When we joined our forces with the partners and started to fight with/against counterfeiting together the market had already been flooded with fakes.

Those who used work facilities for private purposes faced the sack.

On the way to the factory we were discussing a plan of our warehouse’s/stock’s expenditure/reorganization.

Mr. Brown, decided to reschedule his meetings because of the plane delay.

The owner of the plant had sold off all the old equipment to cover some losses for buying new one.

At that time/That time some people were investing their money in real estate and doing it in a rush, and some were waiting for changes.

Some years ago the market collapsed due to a great number of financial speculations.

We didn’t have enough information to foresee such/these consequences.

Ex.4 Translate from Russian into English.

Почему цены на акции этого предприятия так сильно выросли два года назад?

Он успел закончить свой отчет к тому времени как начальство начало проверки.

Тем временем пока мы думали, где можно было поменять деньги, все банки закрылись.

На прошлой неделе, прежде чем уехать в командировку, он провел инструктаж/проинструктировал весь персонал по новым правилам безопасности/техники безопасности/работы с базой данных.

Весь месяц группа специалистов работала сверхурочно над разработкой нового проекта.

Поставщики не выдержали дату поставки/не успели с поставкой товара в установленные/оговоренные сроки, поэтому мы попросили предоставить/сделать нам 5%-ную скидку на всю задержанную партию.

-- Чем была вызвана задержка рейса?

-- Полагаю, что из-за очень плохих погодных условий.

Преимуществом организации, в которой я работал 2 года назад, били ежегодные премии за успешное выполнение плана.

На ежегодном собрании совета директоров все проголосовали за образование совместного предприятия.

Прежде чем запустить свое изобретение в производство, он его запатентовал/получил на него патент.

Прямая и косвенная речь (Direct and Indirect Speech)

Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, в главном предложении стоит в настоящем времени (например: she says…, he has asked…, they are saying…, etc.), то все грамматические времена в придаточном предложении остаются такими же, какими они были в прямой речи.
		Direct speech	Indirect speech
повествовательное предложение		He has said, “The ship will arrive at the end of the week.”	He has said (that) the ship will arrive at the end of the week.”
вопросительное предложение
общий вопрос		He asks me, “Will the ship arrive at the end of the week?”	He asks me if the ship will arrive at the end of the week.
специальный вопрос		He asks me, “When will the ship arrive?”	He asks me when the ship will arrive.
повелительное предложение		He says, “Stay here! Don’t go there!”	He asks to stay here and not to go there.
также для передачи смысла, отношения повествующего и т.д. к сказанному можно использовать следующие глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом или глаголом с окончанием –ing (“-ing”-вой формой глагола).
Introductory verb
agree, disagree, offer, encourage, promise, refuse, claim, advise, allow, command, order, forbid, instruct, invite, remind, warn, want и т.д.	+ to-infinitive	She says/said, “Yes, I’ll do it again.” He says/said, “You can use my phone.” She says/said, “Don’t forget to turn the lights off.”	She agrees/agreed to do it again. He allows/allowed me to use his phone. She reminds/reminded me to turn the lights off.
accuse smb of, apologise for, admit (to), boast about, complain to smb about, deny, insist on и т.д.	+ V-ing	He says/said, “I’m sorry I’ve interrupted you.” She says/said, “You must follow the rules. He says/said, “Let’s have a break.”	He apologises/apologised for interrupting us. She insists/insisted on my following the rules. He suggests/suggested having a break.

Ex.1 Translate from English into Russian.

“Don’t be late!” He ordered us not to be late.

“I’d like you t meet deadlines.” He wants us to meet deadlines.

“You can sit here and use my computer.” He allowed me to use his computer.

“Mr. Brown, we’d be very glad to see you at the conference. Will you come?” He invited Mr. Brown to the conference.

“Don’t be late, otherwise you can face the sack.” He warned me not to be late.

“I’ll never do it.” She disagreed to do it.

“Who is responsible for this?” she’s asked. She’s asked who was responsible for this.

“Have you ever worked with this equipment?” he’s asked. He has asked if I have ever worked with this equipment.

She says, “Their joint venture was set up 3 years ago.” She says that their joint venture was set up 3 years ago.

Mr. Brown says, “Many problems we have in financial sphere remain the same.” Mr. Brown says that many problems they have in financial sphere remain the same.

“Mike, do you really want to leave your job?” he asked. He asked Mike if he really wanted to leave his job.

“Why don’t you take a day-off?” he said. He offered me to take a day-off. или He asked me why I don’t take a day-off.

Ex.2 Open the brackets choosing the right grammar tense and word order.

Example 1:

He says, “All the employees are working very hard.”

He says (that) all the employees are working very hard.

Example 2:

He has asked, “Where does your sister work?”

He has asked me where my sister works.

“Will you benefit a lot investing in the shares of this enterprise?” Sally has asked.

Mr.Brows says, “Now we are short of/lack of capital and should try to find some ways to cover all the losses.”

“What’s the purpose of everything you’re doing now?” Mr.Jones has been interested in.

“Don’t interrupt him! He has really new vision of the problem/He offers really new approach to problem solving.” the manager has said.

“Why haven’t you informed me about it?” Mr.Brown’s wondered.

“Nobody believed he could win any money gambling at the stock exchange.” she has admitted.

Molly has told Sally, “I’ve heard, we are going to be promoted to the administrator’s position.”

“Be quick! Hurry up! The meeting starts in 5 minutes.” the receptionist/secretary has said.

Mrs.Trott says, “Yes, I totally agree. But we cannot focus only on reorganization of the management structure, there’re so other things to be also changed.”

“At the moment we are working on the strategy and developing some new approaches to the recruitment procedures.” personnel manager says.

“The rent has become too high here, so we’ll have to move/to relocate our offices to the surburban area.” the director has told us.

Ex.3 Make questions to the sentences.

Example:

My colleague speaks French very well.

Общий вопрос: Does my colleague speak French very well?

Разделительный вопрос: My colleague speaks French very well, doesn’t he?

Альтернативный вопрос: Does my or his colleague speak French very well?

Does my colleague or sister speak French very well?

Does my colleague speak French or English very well? и т.д.

Специальный вопрос:

(what) What language does my colleague speak very well?

(how) How does my colleague speak French?

(how well) How well does my colleague speak French?

Специальный вопрос к подлежащему и словам, связанным с подлежащим:

Who speaks French very well?

Whose colleague speaks French very well?

Mr. Brows admits that his team has underperformed this month.

The director offers all the employees to take part in this grant.

The manager has asked every employee to prepare the report on their professional achievements for the last year.

He has told us what the advantages and disadvantages of the possible alliance are.

The Head of the company has suggested that some bonuses should be given for overtime work as well as outstanding achievements.

She has asked Tom not to focus on his ideas only but to consider some alternatives.

They say that the most effective way of advertising in this case is word-of-mouth one and giving free samples.

The secretary has asked me about the date of my vacation.

She asks who will be invited to the presentation we are having tomorrow.

My colleague says that “A”-company has a reputation for creating imaginative, eye-catching and effective advertising campaigns.

Ex.4 Translate from Russian into English.

Он только что сказал, что транспортная компания отказалась снижать цены на транспортировку товара.

Они спросили нас, не работаем ли мы с какими-нибудь поставщиками из Новгорода.

Заказчик спросил менеджера, какая возможна система оплаты.

Председатель собрания попросил всех присутствующих занять свои места.

Он отдал команду остановить производство.

Они просят отправлять им почту на адрес головного офиса.

М-с Смит спрашивает, когда м-р Браун сможет ее принять.

М-р Трот только что позвонил и спросил, кому в прошлом году была поручена организация выставки.

Майкл говорит, что м-р Браун не может сейчас подойти, так как он на собрании.

Агентство по трудоустройству предупреждает, что данная вакансия скоро будет закрыта.

Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем (например: she said…, he was saying…, etc.), тогда требуется применить правило согласования времен, в соответствии с которым все настоящие времена в прямой речи, в косвенной -- заменяются на соответствующие им прошедшие (т.е. Present Simple Past Simple Past Simple, Present Continuous→Past Continuous, Present Perfect→Past Perfect), для будущих времен will→would (Future in the Past), для прошедших времен: Past Simple→Past Perfect, Past Continuous→Past Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect→Past Perfect (т.е. остается неизменным). В случае использования в прямой речи следующих указательных местоимений и наречий времени и места, в косвенной речи они заменяются на соответствующие им эквиваленты: this→that these→those now→then today→that day tonight→that night tomorrow→the next day yesterday→the day before the day before yesterday→two days before last week/month/etc. the week/month/etc. before next week/month/etc.→the following week/month/etc. … ago→…before here→there
	Direct speech	Indirect speech
повествовательное предложение	He said, “The ship will arrive at the end of the week.”	He said (that) the ship would arrive at the end of the week.”
вопросительное предложение
общий вопрос	He asked me, “Did the ship arrive 2 days ago?”	He asked me if the ship had arrived two weeks before.
специальный вопрос	He asked me, “Where does he buy all the raw materials?”	He asked me where he bought all the raw materials.
повелительное предложение	He said, “Stay here! Don’t go there!”	He asked to stay there and not to go there.

Ex.1 Translate from English into Russian.

He said that he would prefer to hire an interpreter rather than speaking poor English himself.

Mrs. Sally asked if there was any order left for her in the office.

She told everyone that the show was going to one of the best.

Mr. Brown said that 3 of his subordinates needed to improve their qualification and should be sent to the training courses.

The manager informed us that he was going on business trip the following week.

He said that they had never encouraged team-work, that’s why they didn’t have any team-building seminars.

She asked if we would be able to gather all the necessary information by the following Monday.

At the meeting the staff asked the Head if their salary would be increased.

The staff asked the director what the real reason for the manager’s dismissal had been.

At the interview the candidate was asked where he had worked before.

Ex.2 Open the brackets choosing the right grammar tense and word order.

Example 1:

He said, “All the employees are working very hard.”

He said (that) all the employees were working very hard.

Example 2:

He asked, “Where does your sister work?”

He asked me where my sister worked.

The representative said, “This invention will let you save more than 30% of the electricity.”

Mr.Brown asked, “Who disagrees with the rules introduced?”

She said, “Mr.Brown worked in our company 5 years ago and as I remember he was very disciplined, responsible and hard-working.”

I asked/said, “Mary, what programme do you use to calculate all the figures?”

He said, “These products are sold at inflated prices, that’s why the demand on them has decreased/plummeted.”

They say, “We are making some market research at the moment and after it we’ll tell you about the latest trends.”

The customers said, “When will you get the items we are asking you about?”

The manager said, “We usually have a flexible system of discounts for wholesalers not retailers.”

The candidate said, “I’ve got much work experience in this area and if it’s necessary I’m ready to study.”

The recruiter asked, “Why are you applying for this position? And do you expect to get soon/fast promotion/to be promoted very soon?”

Ex.3 Make questions to the sentences.

Example:

He said (that) Kate would be at work in an hour.

Общий вопрос: Did he say (that) Kate would be at work in an hour?

Разделительный вопрос: He said (that) Kate would be at work in an hour, didn’t he?

Альтернативный вопрос: Did he or she say (that) Kate would be at work in an hour?

Did he say (that) Kate or Peter would be at work in an hour?

Did he say (that) Kate would be at work in an hour or later?и т.д.

Специальный вопрос:

(what) What did he say?

Специальный вопрос к подлежащему и словам, связанным с подлежащим:

Who said (that) Kate would be at work in an hour?

They said that he was right.

He asked me if I were able to stay at to help him.

She asked Peter why he had been so nervous that day.

I said that I hadn’t noticed anything suspicious about his behavior.

Mrs.Brown said that she would arrive only in 3 days not earlier.

Mr.Brown warned us that we would face lots of problems trying to sweep our competitors from the market.

The interviewer asked me what my strengths and weaknesses were.

She asked who had studied all the regulations they should comply with.

They said that to launch that new project a large sum of money was required, that’s why they had decided to leave it off for some time.

He asked if somebody knew the person who was chairing/chaired the meeting.

Ex.4 Translate from Russian into English.

Они спросили, где находится бухгалтерия.

Он сказал, что все указания будут даны завтра перед его отъездом в командировку.

М-р Браун спросил, почему никто не поддержал его предложение о введении гибкого графика работы.

Мы попросили своего руководителя обозначить/установить четкие сроки сдачи работы.

Он говорил, что хочет лично встретиться с руководством всех филиалов и обсудить стратегию дальнейшего развития.

Вчера они сказали, что в данный момент времени их компания не занимается наружной рекламой и предложили другие/альтернативные варианты.

Все отметили, что вопрос сокращения штата вызвал настороженность коллектива.

Участники встречи спросили руководителя компании “A”, как быстро они смогут покрыть свои расходы на расширение производства.

Секретарь сказала, что проинформировала весь персонал о предстоящем корпоративном семинаре.

Я говорил, что этого/это не стоило делать, так как наш бюджет был слишком лимитирован.

TESTS

Var. 1 Active Tenses

One of our colleagues _________ (to inform) us yesterday about the elections to the Board of Directors.

a. has informed

b. informed

c. didn’t inform

We _________ (not to study) the contract up to the end by the time Mr.Jones _________ (to arrive).

a. didn’t study, arrived

b. weren’t studying, had arrived

c. hadn’t studied, arrived

We _________ (to work on) still the report when you asked us if it _________ (to be) ready.

a. were going to work, were

b. were working on the report still, was

c. were still working on the report, was

Everyone _________ (to know) that at the moment we _________ (to have) some plans concerned new advertising campaign and we _________ (to invite) several celebrities.

a. know, have ,are going to invite

b. knows, are having, will invite

c. knows, have, are going to invite

What you _________ (read)? it _________ (to be) a newspaper you _________ (to buy) today?

a. are you reading, it is, you’ve bought

b. are you reading, is it, you have bought

c. you are reading, is it, you bought

Who _________ (to be responsible for) this project? As for me, I can’t because all the next week I _________ (to be busy) with some other work.

a. will be responsible for, shall be busy

b. is responsible for, am going to be busy

c. will be responsible for, am busy

Mr.Brown_________ (to arrive) by the end of this week? Because we (to need) the results of his research.

a. Mr.Brown will arrive, need

b. Mr.Brown will have arrived, are needing

c. will Mr.Brown have arrived, shall need

When your training courses _________ (to start)? And you _________ (to graduate) them already?

a. When did you training courses started, did you graduated

b. When have you training courses started, did you graduate

c. When did you training courses start, have you graduated

He _________ (to become) never a high-flier, because he _________ (not to be motivated).

a. ’ll never become, isn’t motivated

b. will become never, wasn’t motivated

c. ’ll never become, isn’t going to be motivated

Before she _________ (to call) you yesterday she _________ (to share) her ideas with me.

a. had called, had shared

b. had called, shared

c. called, had shared

Var. 2 Active Tenses

Before they (to sign) the contract, they _________ (to ask) the lawyer to check every detail.

a. sign, ask

b. signed, had asked

c. sign, will have asked

we _________ (to order) some more items this week? Or we _________ (to have .. left) some.

a. Will we order, we have some left

b. Are we going to order, we are having some left

c. We’ll order, have some left

I _________ (to travel) by train at that time, but I _________ (not to switch off) my phone, so you can call me, if something happens.

a. shall travel, don’t switch off

b. am going to travel, shan’t switch off

c. ‘ll be travelling, shan’t switch off ‘ll

At the moment we _________ (to prepare) some visual aids for tomorrow conference, we _________.(to make) 4 posters already.

a. are preparing, have made

b. are going to prepare, have make

c. have prepared, have made

While Mr.Brown _________ (to listen) to the news, we _________ (not to make noise).

a. listened, weren’t making noise

b. was listening, didn’t make noise

c. will be listening, won’t make noise

If there (to be) any extra work, our manager _________ us to work overtime.

a. is, asks

b. are, has asked

c. is, will ask

She _________ (to manage) all the work by the weekend, because there _________ (to be) to be corrected.

a. won’t have managed, is

b. will not manage, was

c. doesn’t manage, is

you _________ (to make) a list of guests? Who you _________ (to invite)?

a. Are you going to make, who will you invite

b. Have you made, who are you going to invite

c. Will you make, who will you invite

Nobody _________ (to deny) that it _________ (to be) a mistake that we _________ (to let) her leave the job.

a. denies, is, let

b. denies, was, let

c. denied, was, let

How long they _________ (to repair) it?

a. are they going

b. they will repair

c. will they repair

Var. 1 Direct and Indirect Speech

He asks, “How does the photocopier work?” He asks __________________.

a. how does the photocopier work

b. how the photocopier work

c. how the photocopier works

“Where do you keep the keys from this room?” She asked me __________________.

a. where you keep the keys from this room

b. where I kept the keys from this room

c. where you kept the keys from this room

“Shall we borrow some money from our friend or take a loan?” She asked __________________.

a. should we borrow some money from our friend or take a loan

b. if we should borrow some money from our friend or take a loan

c. if we shall borrow some money from our friend or take a loan

“Don’t expect everyone to help you! Rely on/upon yourself!” Mr.Brown told me __________________.

a. not to expect everyone to help me and to rely on/upon yourself

b. don’t expect everyone to help me and to rely on/upon myself

c. not to expect everyone to help me and to rely on/upon myself

“What has she done already?” He asked the secretary __________________.

a. what has she done already

b. what she had done already

c. what she did already

“We didn’t see them yesterday at work.” The said __________________.

a. they hadn’t seen them at work the day before

b. we didn’t see them yesterday at work

c. they hadn’t seen them at work yesterday

“He doesn’t seem to be right.” Her opinion was __________________.

a. that he didn’t seem to be right

b. that he hadn’t seemed to be right

c. that he doesn’t seem to be right

“Is it possible for the company to expand being short of capital?” He has wondered __________________.

a. is it possible for the company to expand being short of capital

b. if it possible for the company to expand being short of capital

c. if it was possible for the company to expand being short of capital

“Mr. Brown will be appointed to the post of General Manager.” He expects __________________.

a. that Mr. Brown will be appointed to the post of General Manager

b. that Mr. Brown would be appointed to the post of General Manager

c. Mr.Brown to be appointed to the post of General Manager

“Who buys these fake goods?” She always says __________________.

a. who buys these fake goods

b. who bough these fake goods

c. buys those fake goods

Var. 1 Direct and Indirect Speech

“They will discuss the business plan next week.” He said __________________.

a. that they will discuss the business plan next week

b. that they would discuss the business plan next week

c. that they would discuss the business plan the following week

“Why didn’t you offer him the vacancy in our company?” Mary has asked __________________.

a. why didn’t I offer him the vacancy in our company

b. why I didn’t offer him the vacancy in our company

c. why I hadn’t offered him the vacancy in our company

“I think, these companies will form an alliance next month.” She supposes __________________.

a. that these companies will form an alliance next month

b. that these companies would form an alliance next month

c. these companies will form an alliance the following month

“We try to introduce new methods and technologies to increase productivity.” He stressed __________________.

a. that we try to introduce new methods and technologies to increase productivity

b. that we tried to introduce new methods and technologies to increase productivity

c. that they tried to introduce new methods and technologies to increase productivity

“He has already paid the bill.” She told me __________________.

a. that he had already paid the bill

b. that he has already paid the bill

c. that he already paid the bill

“Mary is going to introduce our new colleague to the staff tomorrow.” She informed us __________________.

a. that Mary is going to introduce our new colleague to the staff tomorrow

b. that Mary is going to introduce our new colleague to the staff the next day

c. that Mary was going to introduce our new colleague to the staff the next day

“Mr.Brown always conducts the interviews himself.” She’s warned me __________________.

a. that Mr.Brown always conducts the interviews himself

b. that Mr.Brown always conducted the interviews himself

c. Mr.Brown has always conducted the interviews himself

“Don’t spend so much on advertising! It’s better to invest some in IT-s.” He advised me __________________.

a. not to spend so much on advertising! It’s better to invest some in IT-s.

b. not to spend so much on advertising and that it was better to invest some in IT-s

c. not to spend so much on advertising and that it’s better to invest some in IT-s

“At this moment we are carrying out some extensive recruitment campaign.” The director said __________________.

a. that at that moment we were carrying out some extensive recruitment campaign

b. that at this moment we were carrying out some extensive recruitment campaign

c. that at that moment we are carrying out some extensive recruitment campaign

“What is the reason for the company’s takeover?” The manager asked the director __________________.

a. what is the reason for the company’s takeover

b. what the reason for the company’s takeover is

c. what the reason for the company’s takeover was