Функции инфинитива в предложении

Подлежащее	To walk in the garden was very pleasant. It is useless to discuss this question
Часть сказуемого	His greatest wish was to tell her everything. She can swim very well
Дополнение	Ann likes to tell funny stories
Обстоятельство а) цели, б) следствия (too, enough)	To understand the rule better I read it several times. I invited him in order to tell him the news. I’ll write down your telephone number so as not to forget it. He was too busy to visit them. She was clever enough to understand it
Определение	I had no time to visit the museum yet. He was the first/last to come. I have nobody to say a kind word to me. Give me some water to drink
Часть устойчивого словосочетания to cut a long story short, to put it mildly, to say the least, to tell the truth etc.	He was rude, to say the least of it. To put it mildly, he was not very clever

15.2. Сложное дополнение

(Complex Object)

Сложное дополнение состоит из существительного в именительном падеже или местоимения в объектном и инфинитива. На русский язык предложения со сложным дополнением переводятся чаще всего сложноподчиненным предложением с придаточным дополнительным.

• I want mother (her) to help me. – Я хочу, чтобы мама помогла мне.

• He expects us to come on Monday. – Он ожидает, что мы приедем в понедельник.

Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом употребляется после следующих глаголов.

1. После глаголов умственной деятельности: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to find, to expect, to suppose.

• I knew them to be right.

• We expect them to arrive soon.

2. После глаголов чувственного восприятия: to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice.

   • I saw Brown enter the room.

   • We noticed the captain appear on the bridge.

3. После глаголов, выражающих желание: to want, to wish, to desire, would like.

• He wants me to come on Sunday.

4. После глаголов, выражающих чувства и эмоции: to like, to love, to hate.

• I like people to tell the truth.

5. После глаголов, выражающих приказ, просьбу, разрешение: to order, to command, to let, to make (заставлять), to have (заставлять, распорядиться), to get (заставлять).

• The captain ordered the cases to be loaded.

• Let him sit here if he wants.

• I’ll have Bertha bring you breakfast.

15.3. Сложное подлежащее

(Complex Subject)

Сложное подлежащее состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и инфинитива. Предложение со сложным подлежащим переводится, обычно начиная со сказуемого, неопределенно-личным предложением.

• Laser is known to be used in medicine. – Известно, что лазер широко используется в медицине.

Сложное подлежащее употребляется, когда сказуемое выражено следующими глаголами и словосочетаниями.

1. Глаголами в страдательном залоге:

а) чувственного восприятия: to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice:

• She was heard to laugh heartily,

б) умственной деятельности: to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to find, to expect, to suppose:

• He is supposed to have left,

в) некоторыми другими глаголами: to say, to report:

• He is said to be a good doctor.

• The delegation is reported to have left Moscow.

2. Глаголами в действительном залоге: to seem/to appear (казаться, по-видимому), to prove/to turn out (оказываться), to happen/to chance (случаться):

• They seem to have quite forgotten us already.

• Only yesterday we happened to meet the man.

3. Словосочетаниями: to be likely, to be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure:

• He is unlikely to know her address.

• He is sure to be asked about.

В отрицательных предложениях частица “not” обычно стоит при сказуемом, а не при инфинитиве. Обратите внимание на место частицы «не» в соответствующем русском предложении.

• He doesn’t seem to know this subject. – Кажется, что он не знает этого предмета.

• He didn’t prove to be a very experienced engineer. – Оказалось, что он не очень опытный инженер.

• He is not likely to come today. – Он, вероятно, не придет сегодня.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Translate into Russian, point out the Infinitive.

1. She wants to give us some books. 2. She wants to be given some time to think it over. 3. They are glad to have met Nick last week. 4. I have always wished to be sent to Caucasus. 5. They are pleased to have been invited by you. 6. We don't want to be followed by you. 7. We don't want to follow you. 8. She wished to assist us in this work. 9. She wished to be assisted in this work. 10. My friend was very glad to have found the key of his room. 11. He does not like to ask questions. 12. He does not like to be asked questions. 13. I do not want to address you in public. 14. I don't want to be ad­dressed in public. 15. I am glad to have finished my task. 16. I don't want to see you in this company. 17. I don't want to be seen in this company. 18. He does not want to show us this picture. 19. He does not want this picture to be shown. 20. He pretended to be reading a book. 21. I pretended to be very angry and left the room, slamming the door behind me. 22. “I am sorry to have placed you in this awk­ward position,” said he. 23. I am proud to have been given the opportunity of working here.

Ex. 2. Put “ to” where necessary.

1. You had better … make a note of it. 2. I heard the door … open and saw a shadow … move across the floor. 3. I’d rather … walk a little before going to bed. 4. We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold. 5. You ought … go today. It may … rain tomorrow. 6. Why not … wait a little longer? 7. He made her … repeat the message. 8. Please let me … know your decision as soon as possible. 9. I’d like him … go to a university but I can’t … make him … go. 10. I felt the house … shake with the explosion. 11. They wanted … cross the river. 12. It is high time for you ... go to bed. 13. What makes you … think you are right? 14. She didn’t let her mother … go away. 15. He would sooner … die than betray his friends. 16. I think I will be able ... solve this problem.

Ex. 3. Replace the underlined parts of the sentences by the Infinitives.

1. I have no books which I can read. 2. Is there anybody who will help you with your spelling? 3. Don't forget that she has a baby which she must take care of. 4. Have you got anything that you want to say on this subject? 5. There was nothing that he could do except go home. 6. I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. 7. I have an examination which I must take soon, so I can't go to the theatre with you. 8. King Lear decided to have a hundred knights who would serve him after he had divided up his kingdom. 9. Here is something which will warm you up. 10. Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with. 11. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct. 12. Here are some tablets which will help your headache.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets using Active or Passive Infinitive.

1. They are glad (to invite/to be invited) to the party. 2. I don’t like (to interrupt/to be interrupted). 3. He will be happy (to see/to be seen) you. 4. I was glad (to meet/to be met) at the station. 5. Children like (to tell/to be told) tales and always listen to them with interest. 6. I did not think (to interrupt/to be interrupted) you. 7. He is glad (to send/to be sent) abroad. 8. He likes (to ask/to be asked) his professor questions. 9. He does not like (to ask/to be asked) questions because he does not know how to answer them. 10. Be careful with him. He is a very resentful person. He can't bear (to joke/to be joked at). 11. He does not like (to laugh/to be laughed) at other people. 12. Look, a ship can (see/be seen) in the distance. Can you (see/be seen) it?

Ex. 5. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the Infinitive.

1. I am glad (to introduce) to you. 2. I am sorry (to disappoint) you but I did not mean anything of the kind. 3. He is happy (to award) the first Landscape Prize for his picture. 4. He was anxious (to take) the first place in the figure skating competition. 5. I did not expect (to ask) this question. 6. How fortunate he is (to travel) all over the world and (to see) so much of it. 7. This girl pretended (to read) a book and not (to notice) me. 8. It seems (to rain) ever since we came here. 9. It is thoughtful of you (to book) the tickets well in advance. 10. She was probably angry (to reprimand) in front of me.

Ex. 6. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я рад, что рассказал вам эту историю. 2. Я рад, что мне рассказали эту историю. 3. Я хочу познакомить вас с этой артисткой. 4. Я хочу, чтобы меня познакомили с этой артисткой. 5. Я рад, что встретил ее на станции. 6. Я рад, что меня встретили на станции. 7. Мы очень счаст­ливы, что пригласили его на вечер. 8. Мы очень счастливы, что нас пригласили на вечер. 9. Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки. 10. Он будет счастлив посетить эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 11. Он был счастлив, что посетил эту знаменитую картинную галерею. 12. Мне очень жаль, что я пропустил эту инте­ресную лекцию. 13. Он очень доволен, что закончил свою книгу. 14. Он был счастлив, что вер­нулся домой. 15. Я сожалею, что прервал вас. 16. Я рада, что дала вам нужные сведения.

Ex. 7. Translate into Russian, point out Complex Object.

1. The old man expected me to obediently accept his own values. 2. Many TV programmes devoted to children make them act aggressively and violently. 3. There are young people who would like their future work to be all fun. 4. Did you feel the bridge shake? 5. I don’t like you to say such things. 6. Put on a thicker coat, I don’t want you to catch cold. 7. We knew him to be very brave. 8. Nobody said anything, we just watched him put it away in his case. 9. This is the place from which I saw John arrive to the house. 10. He asked me to destroy his letters. 11. I had expected him to be disappointed. 12. Don’t let it trouble you. 13. I want you to attend the conference. 14. Women always want you to write them letters. 15. How can you let your son go there alone?

Ex. 8. Translate into Russian, point out Complex Subject.

1. Roberta was known to be an honest and hard-working girl. 2. Clyde was expected to arrive at the week-end. 3. Becky and Tom were supposed to have stayed at the widow Douglas’. 4. The number of the unemployed is reported to be increasing with every year. 5. Many textbooks are expected to be published soon. 6. The Moscow underground is said to be the finest in the world. 7. Chernyshevcky is known to have spoken several foreign languages. 8. These devices are considered to be very effective. 9. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 10. Irving turned out to be a long, pale-faced fellow. 11. He appeared to be an ideal man. 12. She doesn’t seem to want to do anything I suggest. 13. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens to be locked. 14. In the middle of the lecture Dr.Sommerville happened to pause and look out of the window. 15. Clyde seemed to have been thinking of no one else but Sondra since their last meeting. 16. The new methods of work appear to be very effective. 17. If we go on arguing, we are sure to quarrel. 18. The article is likely to appear in the next issue of the journal. 19. This new course of treatment is sure to help your grandmother. 20. The telegram is not likely to reach them in time.

Ex. 9. Change the compound sentences into sentences with the Complex Object.

Example: She heard that he whispered something. – She heard him whisper something.

1. I felt that somebody touched me lightly on the shoulder. 2. He heard that someone called his name. 3. We did not expect that he would return so soon. 4. I saw that the telegraph boy handed the cable to the man. 5. They heard how the woman uttered a little exclamation. 6. He hated it when people ar­gued about trifles. 7. I should like to see how he would say it to my face. 8. I expect that you will join our excursion. 9. We had not expected that she would reply, but she did. 10. We knew that he was a clever man. 11. I don't like it that you repeat this nonsense. 12. I hate it when people speak so cyni­cally. 13. We expect that everybody will be ready by seven. 14. I don't like when the children are late for dinner. 15. Don't consider that he is a hero. He is an ordinary man.

Ex. 10. Change the sentences so that to use Complex Subject.

Example: It is said that he knows several oriental languages. – He is said to know several oriental languages.

1. It seems that she has forgotten her promise. 2. It is re­ported that the expedition left in June. 3. It was considered that he is one of the best pilots in the country. 4. It appears that they understood this rule very well. 5. The teacher expects that you will read an article on this subject. (You are expected ...) 6. They will certainly conclude this agreement in the near future. (The agreement is certain ...) 7. It seems that nothing has changed. 8. You may miss the beginning of the perform­ance if you don't hurry. (You are likely ...) 9. It appeared that the charges at the hotel were reasonable. 10. People consider the climate there to be very healthful. 11. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier. 12. It is supposed that the playwright is working at a new comedy.

Ex. 11. Make up sentences.

1. To be, translator, a, he, good, said, is. (Говорят, что он хороший переводчик.)

2. Seemed, man, an, he, ideal, to be. (Казалось, что он идеальный человек.)

3. The next, likely, is, in, the journal, the article, to appear, of, issue. (Вероятно, статья появиться в следующем выпуске журнала.)

4. To leave for, want, he, Moscow, me, didn't. (Он не хотел, чтобы я ехала в Москву.)

5. Tomorrow, to come, we, her, expect. (Мы ожидаем, что она приедет завтра.)

6. Somebody, I, the door, heard, open (Я слышал, как кто-то открыл дверь.)

7. A, written, play, is, brilliant, she, to have, said. (Говорят, что она написала великолепную пьесу.) 8. This, doesn't, to know, she, rule, seem. (Кажется, что она не знает это правило.)

9. Invitation, unlikely, their, to have, is, he, accepted (Маловероятно, что он принял их приглашение.)

10. To be, the book, I, dull, find. (Я считаю, что эта книга скучная.)

11. Make, so, work, her, don't, much. (He заставляйте ее так много работать.)

12. When, is, know, me, ready, everything, let. (Дай мне знать, когда все будет готово.)

13. Method, sure, in, experiments, is, us, our, to help, this (Наверняка этот метод поможет нам в наших экспериментах.)

14. The congress, happened, at, to be present, he. (Случилось так, что он присутствовал на конференции.)

15. The day, is, to give, expected, tomorrow, an answer, after, she. (Ожидается, что она даст ответ послезавтра.)

Ex. 12. Complete the sentences using Complex Object or Complex Subject.

1. We happened … .

2. The interview turned out … .

3. They consider … .

4. I don’t want … .

5. The boys seems …

6. He is unlikely … .

7. The students of this faculty are known … .

8. Don’t let … .

9. My friends made … .

10. The competition is said … .

Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Object.

1. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы подождали меня здесь. 2. Он хочет, чтобы его сын стал учителем. 3. Мы не ожидали, что он приедет так рано. 4. Я хочу, чтобы ты была счастлива. 5. Я знаю, что он очень опытный преподаватель. 6. Я полагаю, что он очень умный человек. 7. Я видела, как он зашел в этот магазин. 8. Мы слышали, как они уехали. 9. Она заметила, как я покинул комнату. 10. Не разрешайте ей ехать туда одной. 11. Не заставляйте меня лгать. 12. Заставь его выпить лекарство. 13. Дайте мне подумать.

Ex. 14. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Subject.

1. Известно, что Москва – один из самых больших городов в мире. 2. Она обязательно примет участие в соревнованиях. 3. Вероятно, что погода завтра изменится. 4. Он, вероятно, придет домой в шесть часов. 5. Они вряд ли скоро вернутся. 6. Она обязательно приедет. 7. Полагают, что он в Лондоне. 8. Считают, что он один из лучших хирургов нашей страны. 9. Ожидается, что зима в этом году будет холодная. 10. Предполагается, что он хорошо знает эту проблему. 11. Кажется, что он знает все об этом деле. 12. Эта книга, по-видимому, очень интересная. 13. Он оказался хорошим спортсменом. 14. Он случайно посмотрел в том направлении и увидел ее.

Ex. 15. Translate the text into Russian. Find the Infinitive Constructions.

THE MYTH OF PYGMALION

Philosophers of ancient Greece are known to have called art “an imitation of nature”_, but their own mythology seems to tell a different story. The story of Pygmalion seems to be the most famous of the myths which show a belief that art has the power of creation rather than the power of portray­ing. Here is the myth of Pygmalion.

In ancient Greece there lived a sculptor, Pygmalion bу name. He was said to be a great sculptor. Once he made a statue of a young woman. The statue was so beautiful that Pygmalion fell in love with it. He wanted the statue to come to life and he asked the gods to help him. He is said to have waited for a long time expecting the statue to talk. But it remain­ed silent. Then Pygmalion decided to go to Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love. She was considered to be able to help peop­le in love. “Oh, Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, only you can help me. I know you are very kind. Give me a wife as beau­tiful as my statue and make it talk”. On returning home Pyg­malion ran up to his statue, looked at it, and suddenly he saw it move and then he heard it speak. Soon the statue turn­ed into a beautiful woman, and Pygmalion married her. This myth is known to have inspired а number of artists, writers, composers and even choreographers.

Ex. 16. Revision. Choose the right variant.

1. She is reported … a new novel now.

a) to write b) to be writing c) to have written d) to be written

2. He is said … for his visa for two months.

a) to wait b) to be waiting c) to have waited d) to have been waiting

3. Why didn’t you make her … some hot milk?

a) to drink b) to be drinking c) drink d) have been drinking

4. The children appeared … good care of.

a) to take b) to be taken c) to be taking d) to have taken

5. His smile made me … at ease.

a) to feel b) to be feeling c) feeling d) feel

6. Don’t ask Jill. She is supposed … on her diploma paper.

a) to work b) to have worked c) to be working d) working

7. I haven’t seen Bill since May. He is said … to London for a three months training.

a) to send b) to be sending c) to have sent d) to have been sent

8. The seminar is likely … at the University.

a) be held b) to be held c) to have held d) to hold

9. I think she is OK by now. I saw … at our party yesterday.

a) that she dancing b) her to dance c) her dance d) she to dance

10. I felt my temperature … . I was shivering.

a) to rise b) rise c) to be risen d) has risen

11. We watched … football last Friday. He was brilliant.

a) him play b) him to play c) that him played d) that he playing

12. (Кажется, он) to have made a good impression on his potential employers.

a) he seems b) he proves c) he happens d) he considers

13. Pete (известно, что) to be in construction business.

a) is thought b) is believed c) is supposed d) is known

14. She (считали, что) to be studying at Oxford.

a) is likely b) is expected c) was thought d) is known

15. I (случайно увидел) him buying a golden ring at the jeweller’s.

a) appeared to see b) happened to see c) proved to see d) turned out to see

16. Jane (вероятно) to stay in London for another week.

a) is likely b) is unlikely c) is sure d) is certain

17. (Оказывается, он не) to belong to our organization.

a) doesn’t prove b) doesn’t happen c) is unlikely d) doesn’t seem

18. He (казалось) to be regarded as a reliable employee.

a) proved b) happened c) appeared d) was sure

19. (Казалось, что они не) to be worried about the coming exams.

a) they did happen b) they didn’t seem c) they were unlikely d) they didn’t prove

20. (У меня случайно были) money enough to buy the flowers she liked.

a) I appeared to have c) I turned out to have

b) I happened to have d) I was sure to have

21. I’m sorry but she (вряд ли) to help you.

a) is unlikely b) is likely c) is sure d) is certain

22. The train is to leave in 5 minutes. You (наверняка) to miss it.

a) are sure b) are unlikely c) are known d) are happened

23. These goods (оказалось, что) to have been paid for.

a) seemed b) appeared c) happened d) turned out

24. (Их, несомненно) to be met at the airport.

a) they are supposed b) they happen c) they are likely d) they are sure

25. They (сообщается, что) to be constructing a new shopping centre in Spain.

a) are expected b) are supposed c) are reported d) are certain