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11. Combine the words from the left-and right-hand columns to make word-combinations. Translate them into Ukrainian:

fundamental

state

electrical

chips

control

circuitry

flexible

issue

detailed

system

elementary

functions

functional

system

high-level

instructions

microelectronic

technology

computer

programs

semiconductor

level

mainframe

approach

12. Compose sentences with the words and phrases from Ex. 11.

13. Write an appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces:

1. In the arithmetic and logic unit signals must … between various computers, adders and other components.

2. In one approach, the control system is completely … .

3. A second approach is more … .

4. The sequence of paths that must follow … in a program, which is stored in a separate memory unit incorporated into the processor.

5. A fundamental … in the design of any computer is how to control or … the electrical signals that … information.

steer; flexible; be routed; represent; hard-wired; is embodied; issue

Reading Comprehension

1. Review the whole text again. Outline the subject matter of the text, its components structure, topic sentences and main ideas. Use the following phrases:

The text deals with … (speaks about, presents, shows, points out, discusses, reviews, throws light on, traces the history of, etc)

The subject matter of the text is …

The text can be segmented into … paragraphs.

The first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph considers … (deals with, informs of, describes, etc.)

The topic sentence of the first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph is …

The main idea of the first (second, third, fourth, etc.) paragraph is …

The main idea of the text is …

The conclusion the author came to is …

The reasons for this conclusion are …

2. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Justify your choice. Use the given phrases:

It’s right. Quite so.

I quite (fully) agree to it.

Certainly. Exactly.

I doubt that …

I don’t think so.

This is not the case.

It’s wrong, I am afraid.

Quite the reverse.

The definition is inappropriate.

1. In the arithmetic and logic unit signals must be routed between various computers, adders and other components.

2. The sequence of paths that must follow is embodied into the processor.

3. A set of control instruments – a microprogram – is written in microcode.

4. The idea of microprogramming was conceived more than 30 years ago soon after the advent of the first computers.

5. Microprogramming a computer is the same as programming a microcomputer.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a fundamental issue in the design of any computer?

2. What way must the signals be routed in the arithmetic and logic unit?

3. What must the control system mediate?

4. When does one say that the control system is completely “hard-wired”?

5. How is the reducing of the control system complexity achieved?

6. What occupies the lowest and most elementary level in the hierarchy of program that operates a computer and why?

7. What is a set of control instruments?

8. What do they call a set of microelectronic “chips” serving to various computer functions?

9. Why has the term microprogramming caused a good deal of confusion in recent years?

10. Can we use the term “programmimg a microcomputer” and “microcomputer programming” interchangeably?

11.Can any computer be designed with a microprogrammed control system?

12. Why are microprograms sometimes classified as “firmware”?

13. What is the status of firmware?

14. How is the routing of information controlled in most modern computers?