- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет
- •Preface
- •Credits
- •Table of contents
- •Unit 1 what is science?
- •Part 1: principles of effective reading
- •Skimming: for getting the gist of something
- •Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately
- •Text a the discovery of X-rays
- •Text b call for tolerance towards some 'stem cell tourism'
- •Text c general guidelines
- •Part 2: oral or written?
- •Group 1
- •The academic audience
- •Levels of formality
- •The range of formality Technical → Formal → Informal → Colloquial
- •Part 3: what is science?
- •What is science?
- •Part 4: technology: pros & cons
- •Part 5:listening for academic purposes
- •The Computer Jungle
- •Unit 2 science to life: between the lines
- •Part 1: how effectively can you read?
- •Reading skills for academic study
- •Using the title
- •Part 2: paragraph development and topic sentences
- •Text a Science and Technology
- •Text c Research: Fundamental and Applied, and the Public
- •Part 3: scientists' brain drain Task 16. You are going to read a magazine article (Text a). Choose the most suitable heading from the list (1 – 9) for each part (a – j) of an article
- •Text a highlights of the north
- •Text b bio tech brain drain: are too many talented scientists leaving the southeast?
- •Part 4 reading skills for success
- •Reading skills for success: a guide to academic texts
- •Collocations
- •Part 5: listening for academic purposes
- •Going Digital: The Future of College Textbooks?
- •Part 6: grammar review sentence structure
- •1. Simple sentence:
- •2. Compound sentence:
- •3. Complex sentence:
- •Unit 3 order of importance
- •Part 1 academic vocabulary
- •C a social occasion to which people are invited in order to eat, drink and enjoy themselves
- •A a way of dealing with a problem, an answer
- •Part 2 Coherence
- •The importance of stupidity in scientific research
- •Consumerism is 'eating the future'
- •Now fly me to the asteroids as well
- •Cohesion: Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
- •Repetition of Key Words
- •Rotation may solve cosmic mystery
- •Part 3 writing & speaking fundamentals
- •Article 1 shapefile technical description
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 4 disposable containers for a disposable society
- •Article 5 knowledge, theory, and classification
- •The table of the useful vocabulary
- •Part 4: listening for academic purposes
- •Part 5:grammar review (punctuation)
- •Unit 4 matter of perspectives
- •Part 1 mistakes and negligence
- •Text a mistakes and negligence
- •(1) Changing Knowledge
- •(2) Discovering an Error
- •Part 2 Comparison and Contrast
- •Part 3 listening for academic purposes
- •Recognising lecture structure
- •1. Introducing
- •Unit 5 research misconduct
- •A Breach of Trust
- •Task 4. Study the second case.
- •Treatment of Misconduct by a Journal
- •Part 2 reading skills for academic study: note-taking
- •How to take notes
- •Part 3 preparing an abstract
- •Abstract 1 The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting
- •Abstract 2 Recomputing Coverage Information to Assist Regression Testing
- •Abstract 3 Methods for determining best multispectral bands using hyper spectral data
- •Abstracts and introductions compared
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Text a The Biosphere: Its Definition, Evolution and Possible Future
- •Introduction
- •Text b The Environment: Problems and Solution
- •Text d The Biosphere: Natural, Man-Disturbed and Man-Initiated Cycles
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes Giving background information
- •Showing importance/Emphasising
- •Unit 6 finding meaning in literature
- •The Selection of Data
- •Lexical & grammar review
- •Part 2 avoiding plagiarism
- •3. Plagiarism!
- •4. Plagiarism is bad!!
- •5. The importance of recognizing the plagiarism
- •Is It Plagiarism?
- •Part 3 evaluating sources
- •Sample mla Annotation
- •Sample apa Annotation
- •Task 22. Analyse an extract of the following annotated bibliography. Define its format.
- •Ethics in the physical sciences course outline and reference books
- •Philosophy
- •The life of a scientist
- •Ethics for scientists
- •A few cautionary notes on saving Web materials
- •Unit 7 writing & publishing Objectives
- •Part 1 sharing of research results
- •The Race to Publish
- •Part 2 how to read an academic article
- •Article 1
- •50 Million chemicals and counting
- •Article 2 sun is setting on incandescent era
- •How to read a scientific article
- •Part 3 how to write an academic article
- •Publication Practices
- •Restrictions on Peer Review and the Flow of Scientific Information
- •Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Article
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes
Cohesion: Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.
Repetition of Key Words
We can tie sentences or paragraphs together by repeating certain key words from one sentence to the next or from one paragraph to the next. This repetition of key words also helps to emphasize the main idea of a piece of writing.
For example, in the following paragraph, notice how many times the words owned and ownership are repeated:
Nobody owned any part of the land. Sotopo's father owned many cattle, and if the cows continued to produce calves, he might as well become the next chief. Old Grandmother owned the beautifully tanned animal skins she used as coverlets in winter. And Sotopo owned his polished hard-wood assegais. But the land belonged to the spirits who governed life; it existed forever, for everyone, and was apportioned temporarily according to the dictates of the tribal chief and senior headman. Sotopo's father occupied the hillside for the time being, and when he died the older son could inherit the loan -- land, but no person or family every acquired ownership. From The Covenant by James Michener. |
By repeating the words owned and ownership throughout the paragraph, the writer has tied each sentence to each other and has clearly indicated what the main idea of the paragraph is. In this case, the main idea is ownership of something. And what exactly is being (or not being) owned? By repeating the word land, the author shows us that the entire main idea is ownership of land.
Use of Reference Words
Another way of tying sentences and paragraphs together involves using reference words that point back to an idea mentioned previously. Among the many reference words that can be used to tie one sentence to another or one paragraph to another are words like this, these, those, such, and that.
These reference words should not be used by themselves but should be combined with the important words and phrases from previous sentences or paragraphs. In the following paragraphs, we can see how reference words are used not only to tie sentences and paragraphs together, but also to emphasize the main idea.
Writing a paper is often difficult and many times rewarding. First, I don't always know what to write about, so I often need to research, talk to people, and think about what I know before I come up with a strong topic. In addition, writing a paper takes time and energy. Time is needed to select and narrow a topic, to generate information and structure ideas, to knock out draft after draft, and to edit for my usual typos and mechanical errors. Besides the time involved, energy (and lots of food to produce it) is needed so I can produce my best work. Although writing a paper is sometimes difficult, it can be very rewarding. I enjoy seeing words which say exactly what I want them to. l also feel proud when everything "clicks." Finally, knowing that I've done my best work and earned a good grade too are strong personal rewards. |
Many words are repeated from one sentence to the next and from one paragraph to the next as well. Can you identify the main ideas of each paragraph based on the words that are often repeated?
Task 11. Read and translate the article. Analyse the cohesion applied by the author.
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/45877/title/Rotation_may_solve_cosmic_mystery