- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Сибирский государственный аэрокосмический университет
- •Preface
- •Credits
- •Table of contents
- •Unit 1 what is science?
- •Part 1: principles of effective reading
- •Skimming: for getting the gist of something
- •Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately
- •Text a the discovery of X-rays
- •Text b call for tolerance towards some 'stem cell tourism'
- •Text c general guidelines
- •Part 2: oral or written?
- •Group 1
- •The academic audience
- •Levels of formality
- •The range of formality Technical → Formal → Informal → Colloquial
- •Part 3: what is science?
- •What is science?
- •Part 4: technology: pros & cons
- •Part 5:listening for academic purposes
- •The Computer Jungle
- •Unit 2 science to life: between the lines
- •Part 1: how effectively can you read?
- •Reading skills for academic study
- •Using the title
- •Part 2: paragraph development and topic sentences
- •Text a Science and Technology
- •Text c Research: Fundamental and Applied, and the Public
- •Part 3: scientists' brain drain Task 16. You are going to read a magazine article (Text a). Choose the most suitable heading from the list (1 – 9) for each part (a – j) of an article
- •Text a highlights of the north
- •Text b bio tech brain drain: are too many talented scientists leaving the southeast?
- •Part 4 reading skills for success
- •Reading skills for success: a guide to academic texts
- •Collocations
- •Part 5: listening for academic purposes
- •Going Digital: The Future of College Textbooks?
- •Part 6: grammar review sentence structure
- •1. Simple sentence:
- •2. Compound sentence:
- •3. Complex sentence:
- •Unit 3 order of importance
- •Part 1 academic vocabulary
- •C a social occasion to which people are invited in order to eat, drink and enjoy themselves
- •A a way of dealing with a problem, an answer
- •Part 2 Coherence
- •The importance of stupidity in scientific research
- •Consumerism is 'eating the future'
- •Now fly me to the asteroids as well
- •Cohesion: Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
- •Repetition of Key Words
- •Rotation may solve cosmic mystery
- •Part 3 writing & speaking fundamentals
- •Article 1 shapefile technical description
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 4 disposable containers for a disposable society
- •Article 5 knowledge, theory, and classification
- •The table of the useful vocabulary
- •Part 4: listening for academic purposes
- •Part 5:grammar review (punctuation)
- •Unit 4 matter of perspectives
- •Part 1 mistakes and negligence
- •Text a mistakes and negligence
- •(1) Changing Knowledge
- •(2) Discovering an Error
- •Part 2 Comparison and Contrast
- •Part 3 listening for academic purposes
- •Recognising lecture structure
- •1. Introducing
- •Unit 5 research misconduct
- •A Breach of Trust
- •Task 4. Study the second case.
- •Treatment of Misconduct by a Journal
- •Part 2 reading skills for academic study: note-taking
- •How to take notes
- •Part 3 preparing an abstract
- •Abstract 1 The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting
- •Abstract 2 Recomputing Coverage Information to Assist Regression Testing
- •Abstract 3 Methods for determining best multispectral bands using hyper spectral data
- •Abstracts and introductions compared
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Text a The Biosphere: Its Definition, Evolution and Possible Future
- •Introduction
- •Text b The Environment: Problems and Solution
- •Text d The Biosphere: Natural, Man-Disturbed and Man-Initiated Cycles
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes Giving background information
- •Showing importance/Emphasising
- •Unit 6 finding meaning in literature
- •The Selection of Data
- •Lexical & grammar review
- •Part 2 avoiding plagiarism
- •3. Plagiarism!
- •4. Plagiarism is bad!!
- •5. The importance of recognizing the plagiarism
- •Is It Plagiarism?
- •Part 3 evaluating sources
- •Sample mla Annotation
- •Sample apa Annotation
- •Task 22. Analyse an extract of the following annotated bibliography. Define its format.
- •Ethics in the physical sciences course outline and reference books
- •Philosophy
- •The life of a scientist
- •Ethics for scientists
- •A few cautionary notes on saving Web materials
- •Unit 7 writing & publishing Objectives
- •Part 1 sharing of research results
- •The Race to Publish
- •Part 2 how to read an academic article
- •Article 1
- •50 Million chemicals and counting
- •Article 2 sun is setting on incandescent era
- •How to read a scientific article
- •Part 3 how to write an academic article
- •Publication Practices
- •Restrictions on Peer Review and the Flow of Scientific Information
- •Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Article
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes
Consumerism is 'eating the future'
New Scientist, August 2009 by Andy Coghlan
We're a gloomy lot, with many of us insisting that there's nothing we can do personally about global warming, or that the human race is over-running the planet like a plague.
But according to leading ecologists speaking this week in Albuquerque at the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, few of us realise that the main cause of the current environmental crisis is human nature.
More specifically, all we're doing is what all other creatures have ever done to survive, expanding into whatever territory is available and using up whatever resources are available, just like a bacterial culture growing in a Petri dish till all the nutrients are used up. What happens then, of course, is that the bugs then die in a sea of their own waste.
One speaker in Albuquerque, epidemiologist Warren Hern of the University of Colorado at Boulder, even likened the expansion of human cities to the growth and spread of cancer, predicting "death" of the Earth in about 2025. He points out that like the accelerated growth of a cancer, the human population has quadrupled in the past 100 years, and at this rate will reach a size in 2025 that leads to global collapse and catastrophe.
But there's worse. Not only are we simply doing what all creatures do: we're doing it better. In recent times we're doing it even faster because of changes in society that encourage and celebrate conspicuous and excessive consumption.
"Biologists have shown that it's a natural tendency of living creatures to fill up all available habitat and use up all available resources," says William Rees of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. "That's what underlies Darwinian evolution, and species that do it best are the ones that survive, but we do it better than any other species," he told me prior to the conference.
Task 9. Cohesion is achieved by several methods, such as the use of conjunctions. Another is the linking of phrases and sentences with words like he, they and that which refer back to something mentioned before. Read the following paragraph and complete the table.
Jenkins (1987) has researched the life cycle of new businesses. He found that they have an average life of only 4.7 years. This is due to two main reasons; one economic and one social. The former appears to be a lack of capital, the latter a failure to carry out suf.cient market research. Jenkins considers that together these account for approximately 70% of business failures.
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average life of only 4.7 years |
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one economic |
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one social |
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the former…, the latter… |
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Task 10. Read the article and complete the table below to show what the reference words (in italic) refer to.
Now fly me to the asteroids as well
New Scientist, 22 March 2007 by David Shiga
They are still a long way from returning to the moon, but NASA is already thinking about sending astronauts to an asteroid. Such a mission could be accomplished using the same spacecraft and launch vehicle being designed to take Americans back to the moon.
"This would be the first time that humans go outside of the Earth-moon system," says Paul Abell of NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
About two years ago, NASA started work on a new crew capsule and rocket to send astronauts to the moon by 2020 (New Scientist, 11 August 2005, p 6). Now, Abell and his team say that the Orion capsule and Ares rocket could also take humans to one of the many asteroids with orbits that bring them near Earth.
The team's analysis shows that the mission would require less fuel than going to the moon, because the vastly weaker gravity of an asteroid means hardly any effort is needed to escape its tug on the way back. Also, because of the weaker gravity, Orion would be able to simply hover close to the asteroid, and thus dispense with a lander, making for a lighter mission overall.
A round trip to a 30-metre asteroid called 1998 KY26, for example, which will pass by Earth in 2013 and 2024, could be completed in three months. However, 1998 KY26's relatively rapid spin may make it an undesirable candidate. The team expects that ongoing asteroid searches will identify more suitable targets.
Besides studying the structural properties of the asteroid using radar sounding - important if we ever needed to deflect such an asteroid - the mission would serve as a testing ground for a mission to Mars. It would be a "baby step towards Mars", says team member Robert Landis, adding that going to an asteroid is not meant to replace going back to the moon.
Any asteroid mission faces two major challenges. One is ensuring there is enough water, oxygen and food to sustain the crew on such a long mission. The lunar version of Orion is designed to carry enough supplies to support a crew of four for two weeks. Abell's team believes that the spacecraft can be reconfigured to carry just two or three, increasing the weight that can be used for supplies.
The second issue is the radiation hazard from cosmic rays and solar flares, which can put astronauts at increased risk of developing cancer. "I see no easy way to mitigate the problem on this mission except to make the duration as short as possible," says David Smith of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas, who is not part of the team. The astronauts might just have to accept the increased risk, he says.
Landis says the crew's water supply could be used as a shield against the radiation, and that their waste could be saved for the same purpose, but the team admits that radiation remains a challenge. "It's one of the issues we'll have to address," Abell says.
Abell presented the idea at last week's Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Houston, Texas.
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