- •International Law.
- •Unit 1. The main legal features of the international community
- •Introduction
- •The nature of international legal subjects
- •Traditional and new subjects
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Find English equivalents to these word combinations
- •Complete these sentences with prepositions.
- •Match the words making pairs used in the text and use them in sentences of your own.
- •Grammar revision
- •IV. Translate these sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words.
- •Speaking
- •V. Answer the questions, using the information from the text
- •Insurgents
- •National liberation movements
- •VI. Find answers to the questions.
- •VIII. Render the text “Что понимается под субъектом международного права”into English.
- •IX. Using the diagram speak on the International Legal Subjects
- •International Law - Antonio Cassese
- •First edition 2001 - p.3-11, 46-55, 66-77
- •Unit 2. The fundamental principles governing international relations
- •Introduction
- •Immunities and other limitations on sovereignty
- •Rights and immunities of foreign states
- •General
- •New forms of intervention
- •Prohibition of the threat or use of force
- •Peaceful settlement of disputes
- •Sovereignty
- •Legal equality
- •Self-determination of peoples
- •Vocabulary work
- •Find English equivalents to these word combinations
- •Find words and expressions similar in their meaning to the following ones
- •Complete the sentences below with the words and phrases you have found in task II.
- •Complete these sentences with prepositions.
- •Use these nouns and verbs in sentences of your own, mind the stress.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of ‘subject’
- •Grammar revision
- •Translate these sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words.
- •Speaking.
- •Make up the plan of the text in the form of statements and develop it into a summary.
- •Read the text “Immunities of diplomatic agents” and answer the questions.
- •Immunities of diplomatic agents
- •What are the two classes of privileges and immunities which diplomatic agents enjoy?
- •Read the text “Immunities of consular agents” and say what activities consular agents perform and what immunities consular agents enjoy.
- •Immunities of consular agents
- •Render the text into English.
- •International Law - Antonio Cassese
- •First edition 2001 - p.86-113
- •Unit 3.
- •International lawmaking: custom and treaties traditional law
- •New trends
- •The role of usus and opinio in international humanitarian law
- •Do customary rules need, at their birth, the support of all states?
- •Treaties
- •Interpretation
- •Codification
- •The introduction of jus cogens in the 1960s the emergence of jus cogens.
- •The effects of jus cogens
- •Vocabulary work.
- •II. Match the words making pairs used in the text, and use them in sentences of your own.
- •III. Match these Latin words with their definitions.
- •IV. Match the synonyms and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •Grammar revision.
- •V. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined words.
- •Speaking
- •VI. Continue the sentences, using the phrases, given below.
- •VII. Answer the questions using the information from the text.
- •VIII. Complete diagrams a and b with the words and phrases given below. Then using these diagrams retell this part of the text “International Lawmaking.”(Custom and Treaties).
- •IX. Working in pairs make up one more diagram covering such parts of the text as “Codification” or “Jus Cogens. Other Law-Creating processes.”
- •X. Read the text and answer the questions.
- •International lawmaking: other law-creating processes (part I)
- •XI. Read the text and decide whether the statements are true or false.
- •International lawmaking: other law-creating processes (part II)
- •XII. Render the text into English.
- •International Law, Antonio Cassese
- •Unit 4. State responsibility
- •1 The current regulation of state responsibility: an overview
- •2 'Ordinary' state responsibility
- •3 'Aggravated' state responsibility
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following word combinations
- •II. Match these words making pairs used in the text
- •III. Complete the sentences with prepositions
- •IV. Choose the right word
- •I. Translate into Russian the sentences
- •Decide whether the statements are true or false. Discuss the answers in groups.
- •II. Give extensive answers to the questions making use of the following expressions
- •III. Summarizing
- •IV. Render the text into English ответственность в международном праве Что понимается под международно-правовой ответственностью и когда она наступает?
- •Несут ли субъекты международного права международно-правовую ответственность за деяния своих органов и должностных лиц?
- •Unit 5. Legal attemps at narrowing the north-south gap
- •1 The action of the world community: general
- •2 The role of international economic institutions
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Give the English equivalents of the following word combinations
- •II. Match the words making pairs used in the text
- •III. Complete the sentences with prepositions
- •IV. Choose the right word
- •I. Translate from English into Russian
- •I. Match the parts of the sentences
- •II. Give extensive answers to the questions making use of the following expressions
- •1 Multilateral co-operation for development
- •Unit 6. The implementation of international rules within national systems relationship between international and national law
- •Modalities of implementation
- •Vocabulary work
- •I. Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations
- •Match these words making pairs used in the text, use them in the sentences of your own
- •Complete the sentences with prepositions.
- •IV. Analyse the meanings of the words. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct word in each case.
- •I. The formal subject expressed by ‘it’. Translate into Russian the sentences with impersonal ‘it’.
- •II. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •I. Decide whether these statements are true or false. Discuss the answers in groups.
- •Give extensive answers to the questions making use of the following expressions.
- •III. Summarizing. Write the plan of the text in the form of statements. Develop your plan into a summary.
- •IV. Render the text into English using the active vocabulary
- •Supplementary reading the rank of international rules within domestic legal orders
- •I. Comment on the diagram. Make use of the helpful phrases.
- •Trends emerging among the legal systems of states
- •1 . Modalities of implementation
- •2 . The rank of international rules, within domestic legal orders
- •Exigencies motivating states in their choice of the
- •Incorporation system
- •Techniques of implementation
- •Treaty law
- •I. Analyse the ways of implementing rules within the frame of international public law using the given phrases. Complete the missing information on the mind map.
- •Techniques of implimentation
- •Information for reports, presentations, discussions:
International Law - Antonio Cassese
Oxford University Press
First edition 2001 - p.86-113
Second edition 2005 – p.46-71
Unit 3.
International lawmaking: custom and treaties traditional law
From the beginning of the international community States have evolved two principal methods for creating legally binding rules: treaties and custom. Both were admirably suited to the exigencies of their creators. Both responded to the basic need of not imposing obligations on States that did not wish to be bound by them. No outside ‘legislator’ was tolerated: law was brought into being by the very States that were to be bound by it.
Treaties in particular, being applicable to the contracting parties only, perfectly reflected the individualism prevailing in the international community. Custom, although it gave rise to rules binding on all members of the community, also ultimately rested on consent.
The unfettered freedom of States was reflected in another feature of international lawmaking: the absence of any hierarchy between custom and treaties as sources of law. In other words, rules created by means of bilateral or multilateral treaties were not stronger than, or superior to, customary or 'general' rules, and vice versa. Both sets of rules possessed equal rank and status.
New trends
It should be noted, first, that the emergence in the twentieth century of a great number of States, many of them with different ideological, political, and cultural backgrounds (first the socialist countries and later developing States) meant that the international regulation of treaties had to become more certain, detailed, and consonant with the demands of these new States. As a result of the consequent need to codify, reshape, and develop traditional rules, States agreed to devote a whole treaty to the 'birth', 'life', and 'death' of international agreements.
Second, in recent years a set of fundamental values has emerged. States agree both on their content and on their crucial importance. By the same token, a new category of general international rules has come into being designed to enshrine those values: peremptory rules or jus cogens.
Jus cogens is hierarchically superior to all the other rules of international law; hence, the three general principles governing the relationship between international rules do not apply to them.
Third, as we shall see infra it is now, at the least, questionable whether States may object to the formation of a customary rule thereby remaining outside it. The international community is less anarchic and individualistic, and far more integrated than in the past. Consequently community pressure on individual States, including Great Powers, is such that it proves difficult for a State to avoid being bound by a new general rule.
CUSTOM
Custom is made up of two elements: general practice, or usus or diuturnitas, and the conviction that such practice reflects, or amounts to, law (opinio juris) or is required by social, economic, or political exigencies (opinio necessitatis).
The main feature of custom is that normally it is not a deliberate lawmaking process. As we shall see, in the case of treaties, States come together willingly to agree upon legal standards of behaviour acceptable to all those participating in the lawmaking process. Their main and conscious intent is to bring about those standards. In the case of custom, States, when participating in the norm-setting process, do not act for the primary purpose of laying down international rules. Their primary concern is to safeguard some economic, social, or political interests.
As pointed out above, a second feature differentiating custom from treaties is that customary rules are normally binding upon all members of the world community (or of a regional group of States, in the case of regional customs), whereas treaties only bind those States that ratify or adhere to them.