Grammar: The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I have been working He has been working She has been working It has been working We have been working You have been working They have been working	I have not been working He has not been working She has not been working It has not been working We have not been working You have not been working They have not been working	Have I been working? Has he been working? Has she been working? Has it been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?

I’ve been working He’s been working I haven’t been working He hasn’t been working

• The Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

• Inclusive: denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and still going on. It is usually used with: -since, for I have been learning English for 10 years.(It is rendered in Kazakh by the present.)

• Exclusive: denotes an action which was recently in progress, but is no longer going on at the present moment. There are puddles everywhere. It has been raining hard.

Ex.7.Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect Continuous.

1.I (work) on this problem for two months.2. She (sleep) all this time? 3. “Are there any news about your latest project?” – “I just (tell) about it.” 4. He says he (not/ feel) well for the past week. 5. I (not/ sleep) well for months. 6.We (see) each other regularly since the party at Helen’s.7. “Jack isn’t working now.” – “He (not/work) for years.”

Ex.8.Make up sentences using the Present Perfect Continuous.

Example: Suzy is in her riding boots (she/ride) – She has been riding.

1. Have a rest now.(you /work too hard/ lately) ... ... ...

2. You are shivering(you / stand / in this cold / long?)... ... ...

3. Her hands are red and wet. (she / scrub /the floors / for three hours)... ... ...

4. The children are quite voiceless.(they / sing at the top of their voices/ since morning )

Ex.9. Translate into English.

1. Сенің мені күткеніңе көп болды ма? 2. Сіздің аяғыңыз қашаннан бері ауырады? 3. Ол үш сағат бойы жұмыс жасап жатыр. 4. Мен испан тілін қыркүйектен бері үйреніп келемін. 5. Анна жұмысты алты ай бойы іздеп жүр. 6. Менің ағам он жыл темекі тартады. 7. Олар Манчестерде 1- наурыздан бастап жұмыс жасайды. 8. Сен қай жастан бастап шахмат ойнап жүрсің? 9.Сіз бұл қалада қашаннан бері тұрасыз?

Ex.10.Use the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. He had barely entered the room when his secretary said: ” Somebody (ring) for you for the last five minutes.” 2. I (read) Shakespeare in your absence and now I (try) to learn this beautiful sonnet. 3.”What the children (do)? ”- “ They (play) games all morning and now they (learn) to tell time by the position of the sun.”4. Many people believe that our climate (change) very markedly. 5. I (collect) the pictures with bridges since I graduated from the University.

UNIT 5

EDUCATION IN THE USA

Text: Education in the USA.

Grammar: The Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Education in the USA

Over 57 mln students are enrolled in American schools. Americans place a high value on education for themselves and for their children. Universal access to high quality education has been one of the nation’s historic goals.

More than 100 years before signing the Declaration of Independence, European settlers in Massachusetts passed laws requiring all communities to hire school masters. American’s first college, Harvard was founded in Massachusetts in 1636 and in 1865 education was becoming available to all.

There are the varieties of schools in America now: public and private, large and small, urban and rural, traditional and experimental, academic, vocational and comprehensive. Educational system of the USA consists of : Preschool education, Elementary school, Secondary school and Higher education. Preschool education : The school year is usually nine months, from early September to mid – June. A child’s introduction to formal education is usually in kindergarten classes operated in most public school systems. Many systems also provide nursery schools. The age group is commonly four and five years. These preschool education programs maintain a close relationship with the home and parents, and aim to give children useful experiences which will prepare them for elementary school. Elementary school: The main purpose of elementary school is the general intellectual and social development of the child from 6 to 12 or 15 years of age. Carricula vary with the organization and educational aims of individual schools and communities. Promotion from one grade to the next is based on the pupil’s achievement of specified skills in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, history, geography, music and art. Secondary school: Most pupils follow a course that includes English, science, social studies, mathematics and physical education. Elective subjects may be chosen in the fields of foreign languages, fine arts and vocational training. Most young Americans graduate from school with a high school diploma upon satisfactory completion of a specified number of courses. Students are usually graded from A (excellent) to F (failing) in each course they take on the basis of performance in tests given at intervals throughout the year, participation in class discussions and completion of written and oral assignments. Locally developed end-of-the-year examinations are given in many schools. Some states, as New York, give statewide examinations which are prepared by the state department of education. After graduating from secondary schools a growing number of Americans go on to higher education. American institutions of higher education include: technical training schools, community colleges, colleges offering four-year bachelor degree programmes and universities which contain one or more colleges and graduate schools offering master’s or doctoral degree programmes. The factors determining an institution’s prestige are the quality of the teaching faculty, quality of research facilities, the number and competence of applicants for admission.