Engines
By Richard Watson
The first engine was an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it, and the current of a river turned it. These first engines were used for irrigating fields. Then a wind-powered engine was invented. Some of these one can still see in the country. Both of these, the water- and wind-operated engines are very economical. They do not need fuel in order to function. But they are dependant on the weather.
Many years passed and people invented a new engine, operated by steam. In a steam engine, there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and then it boils, it turns into steam which does some useful work. The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example, steam ships and steam locomotives. However, the steam engine was too large and heavy, and needed too much fuel.
The imperfection of the steam engine led to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion engine, because its fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace. It is smaller and lighter than a steam engine because it does not have a boiler. It is also more powerful, as uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene. Eventually, a more powerful engine was invented and it was given the name “Jet engine”. The gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. It is made of a very resistant metal so that it cannot not melt.
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Тема: Планування діяльності підприємства. Планування власного бізнесу
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Business
A business (also known as a company, enterprise, and firm) is a legally recognized organization designed to provide goods or services, or both, to consumers, businesses and governmental entities. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies. Most businesses are privately owned. A business is typically formed to earn profit that will increase the wealth of its owners and grow the business itself. The owners and operators of a business have as one of their main objectives the receipt or generation of a financial return in exchange for work and acceptance of risk. Notable exceptions include cooperative enterprises and state-owned enterprises. Businesses can also be formed not-for-profit or be state-owned.
Basic forms of ownership
Although forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, there are several common forms:
Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person. The owner may operate on his or her own or may employ others. The owner of the business has personal liability of the debts incurred by the business.
Partnership: is a form of business in which two or more people operate for the common goal which is often making profit. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has personal liability of the debts incurred by the business. There are three typical classifications of partnerships: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.
Corporation: is either a limited liability or unlimited liability entity that has a separate [legal personality] from its members. A corporation can be organized for-profit or not-for-profit. A corporation is owned by multiple shareholders and is overseen by a board of directors, which hires the business's managerial staff. In addition to privately owned corporate models, there are state-owned corporate models.
Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited liability entity that can organize for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.