Horizons of Modern Mechanics
By Thomas Kidman
In the development of mechanics, we can notice three main stages. In the 17th century Galilei and Newton laid the scientific foundations of classical mechanics and formulated the basic laws of particle mechanics and the mechanics of systems and bodies. These laws are widely used in calculating the movement and designing the control systems of planes and rockets, Earth satellites and spacecraft.
In the 18th century the laws of classical mechanics were applied to the motion of fluids and gaseous bodies and, later on, to the deformation of elastic media as well. In the middle of the 19th century the laws of classical mechanics were united with the laws of the theory of probabilities. The 20th century has placed new tasks before the science of mechanics, and led to the further expansion of its horizons. The solution of important problems of mechanics speeds up the rates of technological progress in ship building, aviation, rockets and space technology, power engineering, the atomic industry and so on, its methods penetrate into related departments of science and technology.
Nowadays, mechanics invades whole departments of knowledge as well as individual scientific and technological fields. For instance, the methods of modern aeromechanics find a broad application in the solutions of many biological problems. The laws governing blood circulation, the hydrodynamics of heart and blood vessels constitutes the subject of a new branch of science – biomechanics. Latest advances in mechanics will be of great help in improving many production processes in industry and agriculture.
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Практичне заняття №2
Тема: Партнерство. Співробітництво
І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.
1. Вивчіть слова.
Partnership –партнерство
Arrangement - домовленість
Entities- юридичні особи
Individuals – фізичні особи
To advance their interests- діяти у своїх власних інтересах
To share profits and losses – розділяти прибутки та збитки
Non-profit organizations – неприбуткові організації
Mutual goals – сумісні цілі
Domicile - проживати
2. Прочитайте та перекладіть діалог. Вивчіть та розкажіть його за ролями.
Partnership
A partnership is an arrangement where entities and/or individuals agree to cooperate to advance their interests. In the most frequent instance, a partnership is formed between one or more businesses in which partners (owners) co-labor to achieve and share profits or losses.
Partnerships are also frequent regardless of and among sectors. Non-profit organizations, for example, may partner together to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission. Governments may partner with other governments to achieve their mutual goals, as may religious and political organizations. In education, accrediting agencies increasingly evaluate schools by the level and quality of their partnerships with other schools and across sectors. Partnerships also occur at personal levels, such as when two or more individuals agree to domicile together. Partnerships between governments, interest-based organizations, schools, businesses, and individuals, or some combination thereof, have always been and remain commonplace.
Among developed countries, business partnerships are often favored over corporations in taxation policy, since dividend taxes only occur on profits before they are distributed to the partners. However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation.