Text 14 Concrete.

Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

coarse aggregate- грубий заповнювач

fine aggregate- дрібний заповнювач

slab- плита

reinforcement- арматура, посилення

spalling- розтріскування, викришення

rib- виступ

spaced- розміщений з інтервалами

Read and translate the text:

Concrete.

Concrete is made from cement, coarse aggregate (stones), fine aggregate (sand or crushed stone) and water. Coarse aggregate ranging from 5 mm to 40 mm may be used for normal work. The maximum size of the aggregate should not be greater than one quarter of the minimum thickness of the finished concrete. The normal maximum sizes are 20 mm and 40 mm (20 mm being more common). The maximum size of aggregate which should be used in small concrete sections, or where reinforcement is close together, is 10 mm.

In concrete with widely spaced reinforcement, such as solid slabs, the size of the coarse aggregate should not be greater than the minimum cover to the reinforcement otherwise spalling will occur, i.e. the breaking off of pieces of concrete below the reinforcement. For heavily reinforced sections, e.g. the ribs of main beams, the maximum size of the coarse aggregate should be either:

- 5 mm less than the minimum horizontal distance between the reinforcing rods, or,

-5 mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement, whichever is the smaller.

Exercise 1

What’s the English for:

найбільший розмір не більший ніж

суцільна плита більш розповсюджений

розламуватись на куски найменша товщина

використаний відстань між

виготовлений з... буде відбуватись

Exercise 2

Give the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word–combinations:

ranging from, otherwise, horizontal distance, below the reinforcement, sand, the ribs of main beams, should be used, finished concrete, quarter of the minimum thickness, the maximum size, close together.

Exercise3

Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. Concrete is made from three different materials.

2. Coarse aggregate ranges in size from 20 mm to 40 mm.

3. When the minimum thickness of the finished concrete is 100 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should not be greater than 25 mm.

4. When the reinforcing rods are close together, the maximum size of aggregate used should be 10 mm.

5. Cover is the thickness of concrete between the reinforcing rods.

6. The reinforcing rods are placed near the bottom of the rib of a concrete beam.

7. Spalling can occur in a solid concrete slab when the cover to the reinforcement is greater than the maximum size of the coarse aggregate.

8. When the minimum horizontal distance between reinforcing rods is 15 mm, the maximum size of aggregate should be less than 12mm.

Text 15 Metals as building materials

Words and word-combinations to be remembered:

wrought iron – ковка м’яка сталь

cast iron – чавун

mild steel – м’яка сталь

high tensile steel – напружена сталь

chemical composition – хімічний склад

mechanical properties – механічні властивості

steel structure – сталева конструкція

hot-rolled section – гарячекатана секція

rolling mill – прокатний стан

light metal – легкий метал

magnesium – магній

alloying metal – легований метал

conjunction – сполучення, з’єднання

to employ – використовувати

heat and sound insulation – тепло та звукоізоляція

compound – сполука

hydrogen – водень

oxygen – кисень

nitrogen – азот

carbon – вуглець

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