The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation

The Supreme Arbitration (Commercial) Court is the highest judiciary body resolving economic disputes and other cases considered by arbitration courts, it is carried out judicial supervision over their activity in line with federal legal procedures and is offered explanations on questions of judiciary practice. The activity of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation is regulated by the Federal Constitutional Law "On the Arbitration Courts in the Russian Federation" and the Arbitration Procedural Code (05.04.1995), as well as the Federal constitutional law “On the judicial system of the Russian Federation”.

The arbitration courts are specialized courts for settling property and commercial disputes between enterprises. They as well consider claims of businessmen to proclaim acts of state bodies which infringe their rights and violate their lawful interests null and void [неимеющий юридической силы]. These are tax, land and other disputes arising from administrative, financial and other legal relations. The arbitration courts consider cases with foreign parties participation.

The Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation acts as court of first instance where specific categories of cases are concerned, including the claims of invalidity of non-normative acts endorsed by the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council and the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as economic disputes between the Russian Federation and its constituent parts or between constituent parts of the Russian Federation.

The most important task is to insure the uniform understanding and implementation of the legislation in the sphere of economic relations by all arbitration courts. The fulfillment of this task is exercised by means of studying and generalizing of the judicial practice and working out of explanations and interpretation of the legal acts by the Plenum or by the Presidium of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation.

For the purpose of ensuring full and independent administration of justice in compliance with federal laws, the financing of the system of arbitration courts is provided from the resources of the federal budget.

Office of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation

The Prosecutor's Office of Russian Federation is the single centralized structure for supervision over maintenance of the laws and human rights and for criminal prosecution. The Office of the Prosecutor General forms a single centralized system in which all lower officers are subordinate to those which stand above them and to the Prosecutor General of the Russian federation.

Article 129 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation is appointed to his post and relieved from the post by the Federation Council on nomination by the President of the Russian Federation.

Prosecutors of subjects of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation after consultations with its subjects. Other prosecutors are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

The powers, organization and working procedure for the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation are determined by federal law.