А.Д. Музафарова А.Г. Ковалева

ENGLISH FOR ICT STUDENTS

Учебное пособие

по английскому языку

для студентов направления

«Информатика и вычислительная техника»

Часть 2

Екатеринбург

2011

CONTENTS

SOFTWARE ……….…………………………………………………………………………….3

PROGRAMMING……………………………………………………………………………….27

INTERNET………………………………………………………………………………………44

SECURITY…..…………………………………………………..……………………………

MULTIMEDIA………………………………………………………………………………..

WEB DESIGN…….……………………………………..…………………………………..

EXTRA HUMOUR SECTION……………….…………………………….………….…………………………..

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ………………………………..…………………………..…………………

SOFTWARE

KEY INFORMATION SECTION 1

The term "software" was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay “Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem”.

Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software.

Main software characteristics include:

• Software is developed and engineered.

• Software doesn't "wear-out".

• Most software continues to be custom-built.

Computer software or just software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs, procedures and documentation that perform some tasks on a computer system.

The term includes:

System software such as operating systems, which interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software. It includes a combination of the following:

▪ device drivers ▪ servers ▪ windowing systems

▪ operating systems ▪ utilities

The purpose of systems software is to unburden the applications programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner. Examples are – Windows XP, Linux and Mac.

Firmware which is software programmed resident to electrically programmable memory devices on board mainboards or other types of integrated hardware carriers.

Middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.

P rogramming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way.

The tools include:

• compilers

• debuggers

• interpreters

• linkers

• text editors

Application software allows users to accomplish one or more specific (not directly computer development related) tasks. Typical applications include:

• industrial automation

• business software

• computer games

• quantum chemistry and solid state physics software

• telecommunications (i.e., the internet and everything that flows on it)

• d atabases

• educational software

• medical software

• military software

• molecular modeling software

• image editing

• spreadsheet

• Word processing

• Decision making software

Software testing is a domain independent of development and programming. It consists of various methods to test and declare a software product fit before it can be launched for use by either an individual or a group. Many tests on functionality, performance and appearance are conducted by modern testers with various tools such as QTP, Load runner, Black box testing to edit a checklist of requirements against the developed code.

Testware which is an umbrella term or container term for all utilities and application software that serve in combination for testing a software package but not necessarily may contribute to operational purposes. As such, testware is not a standing configuration but merely a working environment for application software or subsets thereof.

S oftware includes websites, programs, video games, etc. that are coded by programming languages like C, C++, etc.

"Software" is sometimes used in a broader context to mean anything which is not hardware but which is used with hardware, such as film, tapes and records.