- •In the process of translation
- •I. The notion of equivalence-lacking units.
- •II. The concept of grammatical transformations.
- •III. The reasons that call forth grammatical transformations.
- •IV. Types of grammatical transformations. Rearrangement/ permutation
- •Is change in the order of the components in the sentence/ utterance
- •It is caused by:
- •Substitution
- •Is transference of an idea expressed by a definite grammatical category in the sl by a different grammatical category of the tl.
- •Addition
- •Implies supplementing some elements in the tl version to adequately render the meaning of the source language utterance.
- •Omission
- •Is leaving out some elements in the tl version as superfluous.
- •Is replacement of a sl syntactical unit by a tl unit of a more simple structure.
- •Integration/ merger
- •Is transformation of a sl complex sentence into a tl simple one or joining of two separate sl sentences into one composite sentence in the tl.
- •Partitioning (breaking)
- •Is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound/ complex/ composite target one.
Partitioning (breaking)
Is either replacing in translation of a source sentence by two or more target ones or converting a simple source sentence into a compound/ complex/ composite target one.
One is to distinguish between inner and outer partitioning:
inner partitioning – conversion of a simple sentence into a compound or a complex one;
E.g.1: Come along and see me play one evening.
Приходь коли-небудь ввечері – побачиш, як я граю.
E.g.2: This was a man to be seen and to be understood.
Щоб зрозуміти, треба було побачити.
More often than not inner partitioning is a regular objectively required translation transformation accounted for by the differences in the Ukrainian and English syntactic structures.
It may come handy in dealing with the English syntactic complexes; to overcome the difficulties caused by the idiomatic semantic structure of the ST.
(though it may be also used on individual occasions as required by the text genre and style and communication variety of the source sentence).
outer partitioning – division of a sentence into two or more.
When translating from English into Ukrainian outer partitioning (unlike inner) is more a matter of personal translator’s choice based of course on the proper account of stylistic and genre peculiarities and communication intent of both the ST and its translation. Outer partitioning is out of the question in case of translating official legal or diplomatic documents (laws, contracts) but it becomes a totally justified translation option, say, in consecutive translation of a long and complex sentences.
It is expedient to term such kind of alterations in the structural plane of syntactic units as “outer transformations” as well. “Outer” or explicit transformations cause some alterations in the structure of the corresponding sense units of the SL in the TL.
These were by far all the possible objectively required or deliberately introduced grammatical transformations called forth in the process of translation. They are absolutely necessary in order to achieve a faithful expression of content of the English sentences and maintain the logical flow of thought characteristic of the national Ukrainian speech.
!!! It should be noted that any rearrangement, substitution, addition or omission of a grammatical category is actually part of the process of structural alteration of the utterance so that one technique cannot be rigidly isolated from another.
It goes without saying that in most cases grammatical transformations are accompanied by changes in the lexical structure of the utterance.