Addition

Implies supplementing some elements in the tl version to adequately render the meaning of the source language utterance.

Addition is semantically and stylistically predetermined. It is often used to compensate for the absence in the TL of some SL grammatical category, to fill out SL elliptical expressions, to amplify implications. Additions in translation from English into Ukrainian stem from differences in the syntactic structure of these languages.

Addition is caused by:

• differences in the structure of sentences: English constructions with complex object and complex subject are extended into a subordinate clause in Ukrainian.

E.g.1: – She had only to express a wish for him to fulfill (Maugham).

• Варто було їй тільки виголосити якесь своє бажання, він негайно є ж виконував його. (for+the infinitive Construction)

E.g.2: – There was no room for us to sit down (Galsworthy)

Не було місця, де можна було б сісти.

• the need to compensate for the equivalent lacking grammar forms and categories.

It happens very often when we translate words formed with the help of conversion.

E.g.1: – The roads were sentinelled by oaks.

Обабіч дороги, ніби вартові (мов на варті), стояли дуби.

E.g.2: – The peace campaign has snowballed rapidly.

Кампанія боротьби за мир швидко набрала широкого розмаху (масштабів).

E.g. 3: . – Dr. Courtras was startled by it and amazed. And he was awed. (Maugham)

Його охопило благоговійне почуття. .

E.g.4: – The country had to establish whole new industries which did not exist before.

Країні довелося створювати нові галузі промисловості, які не існували раніше.

Addition is caused here by the absence of the corresponding form of the noun “industries” in the TL.

• differences in norms of word combinability (lexical valency):

E.g.1: – It was customary for the men in the family to remain on Simon’s homestead, Finch’s Landing, and make their living from cotton (H.Lee).

Так уже повелося, що чоловіки в нашій родині осідали на фермі в Саймона, “Пристань Фінча”, і жили там з того, що вирощували бавововник.

E.g.2: – The new American secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.

Новий державний секретар США запропонував скликати конференцію з питань продовльчих ресурсів.

They become necessary here in order to maintain the peculiar way of expression in Ukrainian.

• “compression” of English sentences that are extended (decompressed) in the process of translation for the sake of more adequate and explicit expression:

E.g.: He shrugged the stare off.

У відповідь на її пильний погляд він презирливо знизав плечима.

It often concerns cases when the translator has to handle a non-causative verb used in the typical causative complex (to beckon, to wave, to help). Preserving its basic meaning the verb acquires an additional causative sense.

E.g.1: He waved her into a car.

Він дав їй знак рукою, щоб вона сіла у машину.

E.g.2: He helped him into the car.

Він допоміг йому сісти в машину.

Such English structures are usually formed with the prepositions “into” and “out of”.

• the necessity to take into consideration pragmatics of translation when dealing with specifically national notions (realia, proper nouns, geographic names) to amplify implications.

For example, translating into Ukrainian local place names, it is necessary to add such words as штат, місто, округ etc:

E.g.: – “Where you girls from?” I asked her again… “Seattle, Washington…” (J.Salinger)

“Звідкіля ви приїхали? – З Сіеттла, штат Вашингтон.

Thus what is implicit in the English sentence becomes explicit in the translation.

Additions often become necessary to clarify the meaning of some SNN of the SL in the TL : E.g.: – It was Friday and soon they’d go out and get drunk (J.Brain “Room at the Top”)

Була п’ятниця, день зарплатні, невдовзі ці люди вийдуть на вулицю і нап’ються (рос. переклад Т.Кудрявцевої та Т.Озерської)

It was necessary to use the additional words in the TL version as the Ukrainian reader as a rule doesn’t know that English workers get their wages every week on Fridays.

• Additions are resorted to with the aim of achieving some stylistic effect (the necessary expressiveness).