Тема 2: Environment Protection
Задание 1. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
to contaminate – загрязнять soil – почва
to pollute – загрязнять harmful – вредный
to be extinct – вымирать fuel – топливо
rain-forest – тропический лес to destroy – уничтожать
environment – окружающая среда to detect – обнаруживать
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Подготовьтесь к пересказу текста на английском языке.
The Earth is our home but much of it is dirty now. It is becoming contaminated with dangerous materials. Industry, agriculture, transport, power plants are polluting the atmosphere, soil and water with substances that are harmful to all living things.
Every year people cut down more trees to provide paper, wood, medicines, mineral fuel. But it is not only trees that disappear, many animals, birds, fish, insects may be extinct. Every rain-forest also contains millions of animals, insects and flowers and they are destroyed too. We should protect certain areas and plant new forests. A number of rivers and lakes dry up. Nuclear power station is another source of pollution. It produces radiation which is dangerous for people’s health.
Ecology is the science dealing with relation between living organisms and their environment. It is a very important science because it concerns the future of our planet. The most general law for every citizen of any civilized country is to worry about environment protection.
In most industrially developed countries the rational utilization of resources is a matter of a state policy. In our country the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environment Protection is responsible for organization of control over the sources of pollution.
The present-day ecologists, specialists in safety engineering and labour protection, factory managers and engineers use special sorts of technique to monitor and detect pollution. They ought to take measures so as to make the environmental situation better. But aside from them, the numerous groups of people are engaged in environmental problems as volunteers, for example, the world-known Greenpeace organization.
II. Контрольные задания по грамматике Вариант 4
1. Выберите предложения, содержащие инфинитив:
1.1. This book can be read in two days. a) да;
1.2. It is pleasant to swim in the sea water. b) нет
1.3. Have you shown your plan to the supervisor?
1.4. The new product will be presented next month.
2. Выберите соответствующий вариант перевода предложений:
2.1. I am glad to have studied at Moscow University.
a) Я рад, что учусь в московском университете.
b) Я рад, что учился в московском университете.
2.2. The poem was to be learned by heart.
a) Стихотворение было выучено наизусть.
b) Стихотворение надо было выучить наизусть.
2.3. To translate difficult texts we need a dictionary.
a) Чтобы переводить трудные тексты, нам нужен словарь.
b) Трудные тексты надо переводить со словарем.
2.4. The students were to be translating the text for 2 hours.
a) Студенты переводили текст 2 часа.
b) Студенты должны были переводить текст 2 часа.
3. Выберите соответствующий вариант перевода инфинитива:
3.1. To swim in the sea water we went to the Crimea.
a) чтобы поплавать, b) плавать, с) плавали
3.2. To swim in the sea water is our dream.
a) чтобы поплавать, b) плавать, с) плавали
3.3. The plan to be discussed is very interesting.
a) обсуждать, b) обсуждали, с) который надо обсудить
3.4. We were to revise the rule for the test.
a) повторить, b) повторяли, с) будем повторять
3.5. I remember to have seen that film.
a) видеть, b) увижу, с) видел
4. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой инфинитива:
4.1. I must … my friend’s letter. a) to answer; b) answer;
4.2. The letter is … tomorrow. c) to have answered;
4.3. They had … the detective’s questions. d) to be answered
5. Определите тип инфинитивного оборота:
5.1. I know them to be right. a) Complex Object;
5.2. I consider him to be a clever man. b) Complex Subject;
5.3. The water was too cold for them to swim. c) For-phrase
5.4. They are certain to come tonight.
5.5. The delegation was reported to have arrived already.
5.6. I like people to tell the truth.
5.7. Have you heard him play the piano?
5.8. He is said to live in London.
6. Выберите соответствующий вариант перевода предложений:
6.1. He is said to have been appointed a director of this plant.
a) Он сказал, что его назначили директором завода.
b) Говорят, что его назначили директором этого завода.
6.2. We believed you to be a good specialist.
a) Мы полагали, что вы хороший специалист.
b) Мы доверяли вам как хорошему специалисту.
6.3. Nobody knows this man to have invented an important device.
a) Никто не знает, что этот человек изобрел важное устройство.
b) Никто не знает человека, который придумал этот важный прибор.
6.4. Today it is necessary for many people to learn English.
a) Сегодня многие люди учат английский, т.к. это необходимо.
b) Сегодня многим людям необходимо учить английский язык.
6.5. They seem to have already made their reports
a) Им кажется, что они уже выполнили свои отчеты.
b) Кажется, они уже выполнили свои отчеты.
6.6. She is unlikely to work at the week-ends.
a) Вряд ли она будет работать в выходные дни.
b) Ей не нравится работать в выходные дни.
7. Заполните пропуск соответствующей формой инфинитива:
7.1. I heard them … in Moscow. a) to live; b) live;
7.2. She is expected … abroad next year. c) to have lived;
7.3. We know him … in the country lately. d) to be living
8. Определите тип предложения:
8.1. Her room was full of nice and useless things. a) простое;
8.2. They signed the contract and left the office. b) сложносочиненное;
8.3. The autumn came and the leaves became yellow. c) сложноподчиненное
8.4. The man was in the park when he heard the news.
9. Употребите соответствующее средство связи:
9.1. They were in the garden … the storm broke. a) where; b) if;
9.2. She couldn’t understand … they were talking about. c) why; d) when;
9.3. … the weather is warm, we’ll go to the country. e) as…as;
9.4. He got up early … he didn’t want to miss the train. f) although;
9.5. … he had a bad cold, he went to work. g) what;
9.6. Today it is … warm … it was yesterday. h) because
9.7. He likes to spend his holidays … he can swim a lot.
III. Текст и задания к нему Вар.4
Задание 1. Переведите текст в письменном виде.
The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main trends. Firstly, it is automation including the creation of “unmanned” industries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life of machines.
This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules on a large scale are well suited for “unmanned” industries. Intense work is being carried out with assistance of new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a workpiece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space etc.
We also need machines that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed and are manufactured. Modern engineering thinking has created new automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for continuous casting of steel, machine-tools for mechanical and electrochemical treatment of metals, unique welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tool modules for flexible production.
New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering. In the shortest time possible the engineers are to start producing new generations of machines and equipment which would allow manufacturers to increase productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced technologies.
Reliability is a basic requirement of any instrument, plant or machine. The most ingenious machine is useless if it is not reliable. At present the main defect in any machine is the different service life of its parts. The first to break down are parts with friction, the most numerous in any machine. Nowadays scientists are engaged in research of friction and wear-and-tear resistance. The results of their comprehensive research will extend the useful life of units with friction by thirty percent as compared with what we have now.
A promising reserve in increasing the life of parts is strengthening treatment. In recent years new highly efficient methods have been found. One of them is vacuum plasma method for coating components with hard alloy compounds such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tungsten and boron. These methods are designed for reinforcing machine parts most vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to make them last several times longer.
Задание 2. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What are the main trends in engineering? 2. What kinds of machines are in need nowadays? 3. What problems do scientists try to solve and what results are expected? 4. What efficient methods have been found for increasing the life of parts? 5. What is the purpose of creating machines and equipment of new generation? 6. Which parts break down first?