- •МThe old Germanic langs, their classification and principal features
- •2. The common features of Germanic langs
- •The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •Principal oe & me written records
- •Spelling changes in me
- •Oe sound system. Vowel & consonant changes in oe.
- •Monophthongs in the history of English
- •12. Consonant changes in the history of English
- •14. Oe noun system
- •13. Form-building means in the history of English
- •15. The simplification of the noun declension in English
- •16. The development of personal pronounce in the history of English
- •17. The development of the adj in the history of English
- •18. The development of demonst pronouns
- •19. Oe verbal system
- •20. Oe weak verbs and their further development
- •21. Oe strong verbs & their further dev-t
- •22. Oe preterite-present & anomalous verbs & their further development
- •23. Changes in the verb conjugation in the e
- •24. The rise of analytical forms within the verbal system in e
- •25. Verbals in the history of English
- •26. The cause of changes in the morphol-l system in me &ne
- •Diphthongs in the history of English
- •27. The principal features of oe syntax
- •28. The main trends in the development of e syntax
- •29. Oe vocabulary & its etymological character-cs
- •30. The main trends in word-formation in e
- •31. Borrowing as a source of the replen-t of e vocabulary in me & ne
19. Oe verbal system
Verbal Categories: Grammatical classificTense2(pr. Past),
Mood(indicative.imperative,subjunctive),
Person(1,2,3)consistently was shown only in the pres ind mood sg,in the past sg of the ind mood, the 1 &3 p coincided & the 2 p had a distinct form., p was not distinguished in the pl,&in the sudjunctive mood, Number(sg&pl), Voice, Aspect, Order, Posteriority.
According to morphological classif -Strong and Weak Verbs: Strong Verbs: Number(300), Type/Origin (Indo-European (reveals suppletivity), Formation of Past Tense forms (by changing the root-vowel (ablaut), Formation of Participle2 forms (with the help of the suffix –en (+ sometimes root-vowel interchange), Derivation (Strong verbs were root-words/non-derivatives (i.e. they were not derived from some other words/roots but were the words/roots from which other words were derived), Productivity (unproductive type (no new words employed this type of form-building), Principle Forms (Infinitive Past Sg Past Pl Participle 2), Classes (subdivided into 7 classes). Weak Verbs: Number (900), Type/Origin (Germanic (reveals dental suffix), Formation of Past Tense forms (with the help of the dental suffix -t/-d), Formation of Participle2 forms (with the help of the dental suffix -t/-d), Derivation (Weak verbs were derivatives from nouns, adjectives, strong verbs), Productivity (productive type (new words that appeared employed this type of form-building), Principle Forms (Infinitive Past Sg Participle 2), Classes (Classes).
20. Oe weak verbs and their further development
Weak Verbs: Number (900), Type/Origin (Germanic (reveals dental suffix), Formation of Past Tense forms (with the help of the dental suffix -t/-d), Formation of Participle2 forms (with the help of the dental suffix -t/-d), Derivation (Weak verbs were derivatives from nouns, adjectives, strong verbs), Productivity (productive type (new words that appeared employed this type of form-building), Principle Forms (Infinitive Past Sg Participle 2), Classes (Classes). 1) The division of weak verbs into classes was based on the original stem-building suffix of a verb that was already hard to distinguish even in OE. 2) Weak verbs were not as complex as strong ones and had a greater regularity and simplicity. That’s why they were productive, i.e. all borrowed verbs used weak model of form-building (suffix -t/-d) and, as it has already been mentioned above, many originally strong verbs turned into .The opposite process of turning of weak verbs into strong was very rare and was mainly based on phonetic similarity between some strong and weak verbs, i.e. was a result of mere confusion that later was accepted as a norm due to its persistent and regular character
The OE verb had numerous persons&number cases but it had fewer gram.categories than NE verb has.Weak verbs form their Past forms&Part.II by ending the suffix-d,-t.Had 4principle forms:
-Inf.(macian), -Past Sg, -PartII, -Past Pl
There’re purely of Germanic origin.Presented a productive type.Had 3 classes
- The diversion depended on stem building suffix; Already in OE this suffix can’t be observed. It can be traced only ethimologically.
cl.I: Inf.-an; -the Past-de,-ede,-te; -PartII-d,-ed,-t (the root vowels of these verbs were mutated – cepan – cepte, tellan-tallde)
clII: the most numerous; the only productive class of weak verbs, as a result it served as a model for all new verbs of OE and ME; -cl 2 was based on the suffix oja; j- was presented in the Inf & Pr. tense– lician – licide – licoal (liked), macian; o- was presented in the Past forms – licode, lufode
clIII the least numerous (3 verbs only: habban, libbon, secgan – have, live, say) -inf.-an without vowel before the suf.
The suffix –ode in the Past tense can be transformed in –ed in NE, in ME it was [ed]