- •МThe old Germanic langs, their classification and principal features
- •2. The common features of Germanic langs
- •The Scandinavian invasion and its effect on English.
- •The Norman Conquest and its effect on English.
- •Principal oe & me written records
- •Spelling changes in me
- •Oe sound system. Vowel & consonant changes in oe.
- •Monophthongs in the history of English
- •12. Consonant changes in the history of English
- •14. Oe noun system
- •13. Form-building means in the history of English
- •15. The simplification of the noun declension in English
- •16. The development of personal pronounce in the history of English
- •17. The development of the adj in the history of English
- •18. The development of demonst pronouns
- •19. Oe verbal system
- •20. Oe weak verbs and their further development
- •21. Oe strong verbs & their further dev-t
- •22. Oe preterite-present & anomalous verbs & their further development
- •23. Changes in the verb conjugation in the e
- •24. The rise of analytical forms within the verbal system in e
- •25. Verbals in the history of English
- •26. The cause of changes in the morphol-l system in me &ne
- •Diphthongs in the history of English
- •27. The principal features of oe syntax
- •28. The main trends in the development of e syntax
- •29. Oe vocabulary & its etymological character-cs
- •30. The main trends in word-formation in e
- •31. Borrowing as a source of the replen-t of e vocabulary in me & ne
27. The principal features of oe syntax
Old English was a synthetic language, i.e. there were a lot of inflections that showed the relations between the words in a sentence. Syntactic Connections between the Words: 1)Agreement – a correspondence between 2 or more words in Gender, Number, Case, Person: 1. relation – correspondence between the Subject and the Predicate in Number and Person; 2. correlation – agreement of an adjective, a demonstrative pronoun, a possessive pronoun, Participle 1, 2 with noun in Gender, Number, Case. 2) Government – a type of correspondence when one word (mainly a verb, less frequently – an adjective, a pronoun or a numeral) determines the Case of another word.
3) joining – an adj referring to a verb\ adj is connected with it without any formal means.
Functions of Cases: Nominative: 1)Subject of the sentence; 2) Predicative; 3)Direct Address. Genitive: 1)possessive meaning; 2)partitive meaning; 3) objective meaning; 4)subjective meaning; 5)qualitative meaning; 6)adverbial meaning. Dative: 1) Indirect Object; 2)Instrumental meaning; 3)Passive Subject of the sentence (Me lycige). Accusative: 1)Direct Object; 2) adverbial meaning denoting long periods of time.
Word Order: In OE the word order was free as far as there were a lot of inflections that showed the relations between the words in a sentence. Most common word-order patterns were: 1)S + P + O (in non-dependent clauses); 2) S + O + P (when the Object was a pronoun,); (in dependent clauses,); 3)P + S + O (in questions);(in sentences starting with adverbial modifier,). In ME and NE, due to the loss of the Cases and, as a result, loss of the inflections the distinction between the Subject and the Object of a sentence was lost. Thus the word order became fixed and direct (S + P + O – The Subject almost always took the first place and was followed by the Object). Such word order led to the appearance of the formal Subject (formal it, there, e.g. It was winter; There is a book.) that took the place of the Subject if a sentence did not have one and thus preserved the direct word order. Inversion was used only in questions and for emphasis.
Negation: In OE the common word for negation was ne (IE origin). It was simply placed before a word that was to be negated. As a result of this position before a word the particle ne often fused with: 1) a verb; 2)a numeral; 3) a pronoun; 4) an adverb. Multiple negation was perfectly normal. Often the particle ne was strengthened by the particle naht. In ME particle ne fell out of use and was replaced completely by the particle naht that later developed into not, stood manly after a verb (V + not) and negated it. In NE, during the Normalisation Period, no-double-negation rule appeared that prohibited more than one negative word in a sentence.
28. The main trends in the development of e syntax
Old English was a synthetic language, i.e. there were a lot of inflections that showed the relations between the words in a sentence. Syntactic Connections between the Words: 1)Agreement – a correspondence between 2 or more words in Gender, Number, Case, Person: 1. relation – correspondence between the Subject and the Predicate in Number and Person; 2. correlation – agreement of an adjective, a demonstrative pronoun, a possessive pronoun, Participle 1, 2 with noun in Gender, Number, Case. 2) Government – a type of correspondence when one word (mainly a verb, less frequently – an adjective, a pronoun or a numeral) determines the Case of another word.
3) joining – an adj referring to a verb\ adj is connected with it without any formal means.
Word Order: In OE the word order was free as far as there were a lot of inflections that showed the relations between the words in a sentence. Most common word-order patterns were: 1)S + P + O (in non-dependent clauses); 2) S + O + P (when the Object was a pronoun,); (in dependent clauses,); 3)P + S + O (in questions);(in sentences starting with adverbial modifier,). In ME and NE, due to the loss of the Cases and, as a result, loss of the inflections the distinction between the Subject and the Object of a sentence was lost. Thus the word order became fixed and direct (S + P + O – The Subject almost always took the first place and was followed by the Object). Such word order led to the appearance of the formal Subject (formal it, there, e.g. It was winter; There is a book.) that took the place of the Subject if a sentence did not have one and thus preserved the direct word order. Inversion was used only in questions and for emphasis.
Negation: In OE the common word for negation was ne (IE origin). It was simply placed before a word that was to be negated. As a result of this position before a word the particle ne often fused with: 1) a verb; 2)a numeral; 3) a pronoun; 4) an adverb. Multiple negation was perfectly normal. Often the particle ne was strengthened by the particle naht. In ME particle ne fell out of use and was replaced completely by the particle naht that later developed into not, stood manly after a verb (V + not) and negated it. In NE, during the Normalisation Period, no-double-negation rule appeared that prohibited more than one negative word in a sentence.