15. The main and secondary parts of a sentence.

The main Parts of the sentence are not dependent on any other part of the sent.

Subject - denotes a thing or person, whose action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate. Subject may be expressed by different parts of speech. (Noun in the common case, personal pronoun in the nominative case, a demonstrative pronoun, substantivised adjective.

e.g. The beautiful is not always the same as the good.

Subject may be expressed by (numeral, infinitive, gerund, clause).

e.g. What I saw, disturbed me.

Predicate denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject. It can be expressed by the verb, passive verb.

e.g. Everybody were very shocked.

The moon rose red over the valley.

Secondary members

Refer to other parts of the sentence and basing on the semantic and functional criteria (object, adverbial modifier, attribute, predicative, apposition, parenthetical enclosure обращение).

Object – second part of the sentence, that refers to a verb. It may be expressed by a non- finite verb (неличная форма глагола).

e.g. We want to go and see Cinderella.

Object may also be expressed by noun (we want to go and see Cinderella), substantial pronoun (There is my coat. Give it to me), numeral (Buy me one), prepositional phrase (we spoke about our work).

Objects may denote: a thing, to which the action passes on.

e.g. The man, who stole the money run away.

Object may denote a result of the action.

e.g. The Clark nodded approval.

Object may also express a thing in reference to which an action is committed.

He played a peace of music for me.

Objects may express a person or thing to which the property is manifested

Are you afraid of snakes?

Objects may denote an action as object of another action.

e.g. I cant afford to buy a car.

Classification of objects:

1. Prepositional/ non-prepositional

Keep the baby amused with this toy.

2. Direct/ indirect

The direct object is always non- prepositional, it always follows a transitive verb and adj., and express a person, thing or situation on which the action is expressed.

e.g. I prefer reading aloud.

The indirect object follows intransitive verbs (send, buy, give) and usually denotes the person, to whom the action is addressed.

Indirect objects can be prepositional and non – prepositional.

e.g. The firm gave Sam a gold watch.

The firm gave a gold watch to Sam.

He explained it to me.

He explained to us how to do it.

The Adverbial Modifier

The term Adv Mod can not be said to be absolute. As Adv Mod sometimes have very little to do with adverbs. And they not only modifies a verb.

Adverbial modifier is an optional part of the sentence, which modifies another part of the sentence, expressed by verbal form (finite or non- finite), an adjective or another adverb.

There are several ways of classifying adv mod:

Modern classification

1. Semantic adverbial classification

They are classified due to their meaning: of time and frequency, place and direction, manner and attendant circumstances, cause and result, condition and concussion, degree.

2. Structural

Bases on the type of phrase pattern, due to it, adverbials may be simple, - phrasal,

e.g. The lady lived in gloomy house.

-complex

He left home never to return again (consequence units)

-clausal

e.g. However hard I tried, I cant not remember his name.

3. The syntactic classification proper bases on the type of head word:

a) nominal

b) verbal

c) adverbial, etc.

The Attribute is a secondary part of the sentence, expressed by a noun, numeral, a pronoun. Characterizing the thing, named by these words as to its quality or property.

According to its position:

1. pre-positive/ post-positive (after the anticident). It depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself and stylistical exception.

She gave me a welcoming cup of tea.

The Apposition

e.g. Моя собака, терьер.

The Apposition can be considered as a type of attribute. It is expressed by a noun or nominal phrase and gives another name to the thing or person expressed by anticident.

Mr. Bottins never looses the opportunity to tell me the latest news.

The Predicative.

Is the nominal part of a compound- nominal predicate, it always follows a link verb, and may be expressed by a nominal part of speech or a verbal.

Any nominal part of speech possessing a nominal characteristic.

e.g. Alice is like her teacher.

His skin was very pink and felt warm to touch.